International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences
The International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences (IJIESS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication of Scholar Nest Publishers. The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for advancing research at the intersection of business, innovation, entrepreneurship, and the social sciences, with a strong focus on practical solutions to real-world challenges. Its scope covers Innovation and Technology (innovation management, digital transformation, sustainable innovation), Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (SMEs, startups, governance, strategic management), Social Sciences (leadership, organizational behavior, social enterprises, development studies), and Cross-disciplinary Studies (innovation in education, health, policy, and socio-economic impacts). SUBMIT YOUR PAPER
CYBER SECURITY RISKS AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
Cybersecurity threats have become a critical challenge for commercial state corporations (CSCs) in Kenya as these organizations expand their digital infrastructure to enhance service delivery, operational efficiency, and public accountability. Despite national frameworks such as the Kenya National Cybersecurity Strategy (2022–2027) and the Data Protection Act (2019), recent audits reveal that the majority of CSCs lack formal cybersecurity policies, testing procedures, and dedicated security budgets, exposing them to risks that compromise service continuity and regulatory compliance. The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of cybersecurity risks on the performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to assess the effect of network security and regular testing and updates on organizational performance indicators such as service availability, stakeholder satisfaction, and legal compliance. The study was grounded in the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) Framework and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey research design was employed, targeting all 46 CSCs in Kenya. A purposive sampling approach was used to select a sample of 92 respondents, comprising ICT managers and strategic planning officers. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 27. A pilot study involving 10 respondents from five non-participating commercial state corporations were conducted to assess the clarity, consistency, and construct alignment of the structured questionnaire, with expert reviews ensuring content validity and reliability confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS. For the main study, descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations summarized the data, while inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used to examine relationships between variables. Network security emerged as the most influential factor, followed by regular testing and updates. The study concluded that effective cybersecurity management enhances operational efficiency, service reliability, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder trust. It emphasized that cybersecurity is not merely a technical function but a strategic performance enabler for public-commercial institutions. The study recommends that commercial state corporations invest in robust network protection systems and implement structured testing and update policies. Strengthening these practices holistically will enhance resilience, ensure service continuity, and improve the overall performance of commercial state corporations in Kenya. Key Words: Cybersecurity Risks, Commercial State Corporations in Kenya, Network Security, Regular Testing and Updates, Organizational Performance
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STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF REGULATORY STATE CORPORATIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
In the recent past, many state corporations in Kenya have been facing dismal performance trends, a situation that has derailed the sustainability of most of these crucial institutions. The general objective of the study was to determine the influence of strategic leadership practices on the performance of regulatory state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to w determine the influence of talent development on the performance of regulatory state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya, to establish the influence of innovativeness on the performance of regulatory state corporations in Nairobi County, Kenya. This research was conducted based on Human Capital Theory, innovation diffusion theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis for this study was 46 state corporations in Kenya while the unit of observation was 340 management employees working with the state corporations. The study used Yamane formulae (Yamane 1967) to determine the appropriate sample size for this study. The 184 respondents were chosen with the help of stratified random sampling technique. The study then used simple random sampling to select respondents from each group. This research used a questionnaire to collect primary data. Eighteen questionnaires were piloted that represented 10% of the target population. The study collected quantitative data which was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Descriptive analysis showed that talent development had the highest mean score (4.136), followed by innovativeness (4.094). Correlation analysis confirmed significant positive relationships between all independent variables and performance, with talent development showing the strongest correlation (r = 0.835, p = 0.004). Regression analysis revealed that talent development (B = 0.412, p = 0.000), innovativeness (B = 0.356, p = 0.001), significantly predict organizational performance. The study concluded that talent development had the greatest influence on performance, followed by innovativeness. It is recommended that state corporations strengthen talent development programs, foster a culture of innovation, to improve decision-making and adaptability. Future research should explore additional performance factors, conduct longitudinal studies, and assess the role of external environmental influences on organizational success. Key Words: Strategic Leadership Practices, Talent Development, Innovativeness, Performance of Regulatory State Corporations, Nairobi County, Kenya
Performance of Regulatory State Corporations
STRATEGIC FACTORS AND COMPETITIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
The competitiveness of Kenya's commercial banking sector was investigated as a critical factor in driving economic growth and financial inclusion. The study explored strategic factors influencing competitiveness, focusing on retail network expansion and financial leverage. A descriptive research design was employed, collecting data from 44 branches of KCB Group and Consolidated Bank in Nairobi, Kiambu, and Murang’a Counties. Analytical methods, including regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses, were utilized to evaluate these relationships. The findings indicated that retail network expansion, particularly branch establishment, significantly enhanced market presence and customer acquisition, although digital platforms were essential for broader accessibility. Financial leverage, with a focus on Return on Equity (ROE), emerged as a key driver of market share and operational stability, supported by liquidity. The study concluded that Kenyan banks needed to balance physical and digital expansion, leverage financial strategies, optimize asset acquisition, and adopt adaptive communication approaches to sustain competitiveness. Recommendations included the integration of fintech innovations, optimization of workforce development, and exploration of emerging communication technologies. These findings contributed to strategic management literature and provided actionable insights for banks navigating Kenya's dynamic financial landscape. Future research was suggested to investigate digital transformation's role and conduct cross-regional comparative studies on competitiveness. Key Words: Strategic Factors, Competitiveness, Retail Network Expansion, Financial Leverage, Commercial Banks in Kenya
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES OF THE SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE FUND (SHIF) AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE IN KENYA
Kenya abolished the long-serving National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and introduced the Social Health Insurance Fund (SHIF), administered by the Social Health Authority (SHA), to close coverage gaps, improve pooling, and accelerate Universal Health Coverage (UHC) under the Bottom-Up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA). However, emerging evidence from the 2024–2025 transition period suggests registration difficulties, contribution compliance risks, provider confusion, and fiscal/ICT readiness gaps that may undermine the reform’s intent. This study sought to examine the implementation challenges of SHIF and to determine their implications for access, financial risk protection, and service quality in Kenya. A descriptive, mixed-methods design drawing on key informant interviews with Ministry of Health and county officials, plus a survey of accredited facilities, was proposed. Findings (hypothetical, based on current public reports) indicate that unclear beneficiary onboarding, fragmented digital infrastructure, and delayed provider reimbursements threaten continuity of care, especially for poor and informal-sector households. The study concludes that SHIF, in its current rollout configuration, risks reproducing NHIF’s inequities if governance, communication, and provider-payment systems are not stabilized. It recommends phased implementation, differentiated contribution mechanisms for informal workers, and a single national health client registry fully integrated with SHA systems. Keywords: Social Health Insurance Fund, Social Health Authority, Universal Health Coverage, health financing, Kenya.
SUPPLY CHAIN MAPPING AND PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Supply chain efficiency is a critical factor in determining the success and performance of manufacturing firms, especially in dynamic and competitive environments. This study examines the influence of supply chain mapping on the performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, focusing on material mapping and information mapping. Despite extensive research on supply chain management, existing literature does not adequately explore the interrelationships between supply chain mapping and firm performance in developing economies, particularly in Kenya. This study was guided by four theoretical frameworks: the Resource-Based View (RBV), Stewardship Theory, Systems Theory, and Social Exchange Theory. A descriptive survey research design was employed, targeting manufacturing firms operating in Nairobi City County, Kenya. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS, 2021), there are approximately 630 manufacturing firms in the county. A sample size of 239 firms were determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula, ensuring proportional representation across different manufacturing sectors. Stratified random sampling was applied to categorize firms by industry type and select respondents. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, targeting supply chain managers, procurement officers, operations managers, and finance managers. A pilot test (10% of the sample size) was conducted to assess instrument reliability. The results affirmed the instrument’s robustness for the main study. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, frequency distributions) and inferential statistics (multiple regression analysis) to assess relationships between supply chain mapping dimensions and firm performance. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze qualitative data from open-ended responses and interviews. Findings revealed that the variables significantly predicted performance, with information mapping (B = 0.362, p < 0.05) emerging as the strongest predictor, followed by material mapping (B = 0.287, p < 0.05). The study concluded that digitalized mapping enhance efficiency, profitability, and competitiveness. It recommended that firms prioritize investment in advanced tracking systems, real-time data integration, automated financial tools, and structural agility, while pursuing these practices in an integrated and holistic manner to maximize performance outcomes. Key Words: Supply Chain Mapping, Material Mapping, Information Mapping, Performance of Manufacturing Firms Nairobi City County, Kenya
E-PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF SUPERMARKETS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
E-procurement is the use of electronic technologies and the internet to carry out procurement functions. E-procurement has made procurement more efficient and competitive globally. Supermarkets in Kenya are a significant part of the wholesale and retail sub-sector, which is one of the biggest contributors to the country's GDP. Despite their significant role in the economy, supermarkets encounter poor management, inventory logistics, supply chain challenges and fierce rivalry from international and local retailers leading to job losses within the supermarket value chain impacting the Kenyan economy negatively. The general objective was to examine the effect of e-procurement practices on performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine effect of e-sourcing and e-tendering on performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the dynamic capability theory and innovation diffusion theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted 9 large supermarkets in Nairobi City County. The unit of observation was the procurement and accounting managers in the branches hence a total of 144 respondents. The sample size of was determined using census hence all the 144 respondents were sampled. The study used primary data collected using questionnaires. The study carried out a pilot test with 14 management staff in procurement and finance departments. This study employed construct and content validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 28. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The descriptive statistics included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation while inferential statistics included correlation and regression. Study results were presented in tables. The findings revealed that e-sourcing and e-tendering had statistically significant and positive effects on performance. Among these, e-tendering emerged as the strongest predictor of performance (β = 0.314), followed by e-sourcing (β = 0.278). These results confirm that while all practices contribute meaningfully, e-tendering has the most substantial impact in driving improvements across financial, operational, and customer-related performance metrics. The study concludes that supermarkets with more advanced and integrated e-procurement systems—especially those that emphasize digital tendering—tend to perform better overall. It is therefore recommended that supermarket managers prioritize the enhancement of e-tendering systems and ensure consistent use of e-sourcing tools across branches. Investments in digital infrastructure, system security, and staff capacity-building will be critical for optimizing procurement performance and sustaining competitive advantage in the retail sector. Key Words: E-Procurement Practices, E-Sourcing, E-Tendering, Performance, Supermarkets
MANAGERIAL SECONDMENTS FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE OF KTDA FACTORIES IN SELECT COUNTIES IN KENYA
This study sought to investigate the effect of managerial secondment factors on the performance of Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) factories in selected counties of Kenya. The key objectives were to examine the impact of the educational background of seconded managers, duration of secondment, management practices adopted, and prior management experience on factory performance. A census approach was adopted, targeting all KTDA factories in Kiambu, Nyeri, Murang’a, and Kirinyaga counties. Data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to managers, employees, and key stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS, while qualitative responses underwent thematic analysis. The study revealed that the educational background and technical skills of seconded managers positively influence factory performance, with a high level of agreement among respondents (mean = 4.3, SD = 0.6749). The average secondment duration was 13 months, with findings showing it significantly impacts operational and financial performance (r = 0.583, p = 0.002; B = 0.287, p = 0.002). Most seconded managers employed consistent and effective management practices (mean = 4.1, SD = 0.7379), and prior managerial experience was deemed highly relevant (mean = 4.2, SD = 0.6325). Multiple regression analysis confirmed the model’s statistical significance (F = 29.214, p = 0.000), with an R² value of 0.697, indicating that 69.7% of the variance in performance outcomes was explained by the predictor variables. Managerial competencies (B = 0.342, p = 0.001) and duration of secondment (Beta = 0.414, p = 0.000) emerged as significant predictors of performance. The findings underscore the importance of structured mentorship, robust feedback mechanisms, and alignment of secondment strategies with organizational objectives. This study contributes to empirical knowledge on secondment practices and provides actionable recommendations for enhancing KTDA’s secondment policies. By strengthening managerial secondments, KTDA can promote leadership development, improve employee morale, and drive sustainable factory performance. Key Words: Managerial secondment, KTDA, factory performance, management practices, leadership development, secondment duration, organizational effectiveness
Managerial secondmentManagerial secondment
STRATEGIC INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRIBUSINESS COMPANIES IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
This study sought to establish the influence of Strategic innovation on the performance of agribusiness companies in Nairobi County. The study was guided by the following Specific objectives; to establish the influence of Product Innovation on performance of agribusiness companies in Nairobi County, and to establish the influence of Marketing Innovation on the performance of agribusiness companies in Nairobi County. The theories underpinning the study were diffusion of innovation theory, and dynamic capabilities theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design to measure the influence of strategic innovations on the performance of agribusiness companies in Nairobi County. The target population was 199 agribusiness companies in Nairobi Kenya with respondents being one business unit manager per firm. The study employed purposive sampling to determine the sample size. A 10% sample size was allocated for the pilot study to assess the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The study used structured questionnaire to collect primary data and SPSS was used to analyze data. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to establish the relationships that exist between the variables. The correlation coefficient was used to measure the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables while the regression analysis will be used to measure the strength between the independent and dependent variables. Data was presented in the form of tables. Descriptive such as mean, frequencies, standard deviation, and percentages, were used to profile major patterns emerging from the data. The relationships between the variables were determined using inferential statistics. The correlation analysis showed that there exists a significant positive correlation between the independent variables of the study and the performance of agribusiness firms in Nairobi County. Inferential analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between strategic innovations and the performance of agribusiness firms. Based on the R–squared, the model can explain 69.3% of the changes in the dependent variable. Regression results showed that a unit increase in any independent variable will lead to an increase in the performance of agribusiness firms. The study recommends that the management of agribusiness firms invest more in research and development for continuous product development. The study further recommends that the firms should adopt more strategic innovations in line with operations and productions. Key Words: Strategic innovation, Product Innovation, Marketing Innovation, Performance, Agribusiness Companies
LEAD TIME AND PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The main purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between lead time and performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used descriptive research design, where both qualitative and quantitative research was applied. The target population will be 328 respondents from the concerned firms in Nairobi city county, Kenya. The researcher carried census survey since respondents are manageable. The research technique was purposive sampling techniques. 10% (33) of the respondents was pilot tested for validity and reliability of the research instrument. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science version 28 and the same is now presented in a form of tables and figure. The reliability and validity results was acceptable with rating of over 0.7 and 0.5 respectively. This study concludes and recommends that lead time had a strongly relationship with performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi city County, Kenya. Key Words: Lead Time , Performance , Manufacturing Firms , Nairobi City County, Theory of Constraints
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The study sought to investigate the effects of Logistics Management Practices on Performance Food And Beverage Manufacuring Firms In Nairobi City County,Kenya. The study sought to accomplish the following specific objectives: to establish the effects of green technology on the Performance Food And Beverage Manufacuring Firms In Nairobi City County,Kenya, and to investigate how green technology affects on the Performance Food And Beverage Manufacuring Firms In Nairobi City County,Kenya. This research adopted a descriptive approach on the effects of Logistics Management Practices on performance of manufacturing firms. The target population of this investigation composed of the Management staff of mananufactering firm in kenya. Simple random sampling technique was applied to come up with a sample size where primary data was accumulated specifically from respondents and for this study the research used a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of close and open-ended questions. The research conducted a multiple regression analysis so as to determine the relationship between Logistics Management Practices and performance. The target population was 187 administration staff. The research used stratified random sampling procedure to select a sample size of 127 respondents. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics using SPSS and presented using tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The results indicated that 94% agreed that green procurement impacts on organizational performance in the manufacturing firms, 75% of the respondents were of the sentiments that green technology significantly affects performance in the manufacturing firms. The coefficient of determination (R-square) was 0.728 implying that the four variables jointly accounted for up to 72.8% of the variation in Performance Food And Beverage Manufacuring Firms In Nairobi City County,Kenya. It follows 27.2% of the variation Performance Food And Beverage Manufacuring Firms In Nairobi City County,Kenya. The study recommends that another study should be carried out on the same topic that evaluates a broader range of the effects of Logistics Management Practicespractice on performance in the manufacturing firms or covers another industry in the economy such as the banking industry, transport industry, and the agricultural industry among others. Key Words: Green Procurement, Green Technology, Logistics Management Practices
PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) play a pivotal role in promoting financial inclusion and economic empowerment, particularly among underserved and low-income populations. However, the performance of Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) has been declining over the years. The general objective of the study is to establish the influence of project monitoring and evaluation on performance of deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the influence of M&E planning and M&E team capability on performance of deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya. This study was anchored on; Results-Based Management (RBM) Theory and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory. In this study, a descriptive research design was employed. This study targeted deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya. According SASRA report (2023) there is a total of 35 SACCOs licensed for deposit-taking business in Kajiado County, Kenya. This study targeted the management employees working in these deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya. The total target population was therefore 280 respondents comprising of 35 top managers, 105 middle managers and 140 lower level managers. The Yamane formula was adopted to calculate the study sample size. Therefore, the study sample size was 165 respondents. This study relied on primary data collected through use of structured questionnaires. Data obtained from the field was coded, cleaned, and entered into the computer for analysis using the SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistical included frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical analysis comprised of multiple regression and correlation analysis. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that M&E planning has a significant effect on performance of deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya. In addition, the study concluded that M&E team capability has a significant effect on performance of deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies in Kajiado County, Kenya.. The study recommends that the management of deposit taking savings and credit cooperative societies should invest in building the technical skills, knowledge, and competencies of their M&E personnel. This can be achieved through targeted training, professional development programs, and exposure to modern monitoring tools and data analysis techniques Key Words: Project Monitoring and Evaluation, M&E Planning, M&E Team Capability, Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies
Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative
SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
State corporations are government-owned entities that operate in various sectors of the economy. They are established to provide goods or services that are considered essential or to fulfill specific public policy objectives. State corporations in Kenya face a myriad of challenges that significantly impact their efficiency and effectiveness. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of supply chain risk management and performance of state corporations in Kenya. Specifically, the sought to determine the effect of risk assessment on performance of state corporations in Kenya and to assess the effect of risk monitoring on performance of state corporations in Kenya. This study was anchored by: Resource-Based View (RBV) and Systems Theory. . The study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted a total of 276 respondents comprising of 46 top managers, 92 middle level managers and 138 lower level managers. The sample for this study was arrived at using the Slovin’s sample size. This study used simple random sampling to select 163 respondents. This study also used questionnaire to collect data relevant to this study. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques which are frequencies, mean, standard deviation. Inferential statistics which include Pearson correlation and the Regression Analysis Model were used to test the relationship between study variables. The significance of the model was tested at 5% level of significance. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that risk assessment has a positive and significant effect on performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study also concludes that risk monitoring has a positive and significant effect on performance of state corporations in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of state corporations in Kenya should institutionalize continuous risk monitoring mechanisms as part of their governance and operational frameworks. Ongoing monitoring enables early detection of changes in risk levels, ensures compliance with risk management policies, and facilitates timely interventions before issues escalate. Key Words: Supply Chain Risk Management, Risk Assessment, Risk Monitoring, Performance of State Corporations
ACCESS TO CREDIT BY INFORMAL SECTOR PLAYERS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD OF JUA KALI METAL FABRICATORS IN KAMUKUNJI
This study examined access to credit by the informal sector players and its contribution to sustainable livelihood of Jua Kali metal fabricators located in Kamukunji in Nairobi. Specifically, it focused on extent of access to non-governmental credit organizations (NGCO’s), and informal credit organization’s (ICO’s) by informal sector players and its contribution to sustainable livelihood of Jua Kali metal fabricators at Kamukunji. The study was conducted on 160 metal business owners whose workshops are located in Kamukunji area in Nairobi. It used purposive sampling in which questionnaires and interview schedules were administered to jua kali metal fabricators in different workshops. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and processed using descriptive statistics from which the findings were summarized using percentages, frequency, mean and standard deviation to facilitate interpretation. Under correlation, the study found that access to NGCO’s(X2) was positively and significantly associated with sustainable livelihood, with a correlation coefficient of 0.673 (p < 0.01), indicating a moderate yet significant positive relationship between the two variables. Lastly, ICO’s (X4) were found to have a significant positive correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.628, (p < 0.01) with sustainable livelihood of Jua Kali metal Fabricators, suggesting a modest yet meaningful association between informal credit organizations and sustainable livelihood of steel fabricators in Kamukunji. Results based on NGCO’s and ICO’s revealed a noteworthy positive correlation between non-governmental credit organizations and sustainable livelihood among the metal fabricators. Similarly, regression results showed that non-governmental credit organizations with its coefficient (β = 0.644) and p-value (p = 0.000), indicated significant predictor of sustainable livelihood among the players. Lastly, correlation analysis results of the second objective revealed a statistically significant positive association between informal credit organizations and sustainable livelihood. Regression analysis revealed that informal credit organizations had a positive and significant effect on sustainable livelihood of the Jua Kali metal Fabricators. Key Words: Access to Credit, Informal Sector Players, Sustainable Livelihood, Jua Kali Metal Fabricators, Non-Governmental Credit Organizations, Informal Credit Organization’s
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTITUTIONS SUPPORTING DEVOLUTION IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF THE COUNCIL OF GOVERNORS
As Kenya navigates the complexities of decentralized governance, understanding how knowledge is harnessed and utilized within these agencies becomes pivotal, offering insights that can inform strategies for optimizing the devolution framework. Without a comprehensive analysis of these knowledge management dynamics, there is a risk of overlooking vital factors that could significantly influence the success of devolution efforts. This study therefore sought to assess knowledge management practices and the effectiveness of institutions supporting devolution in Kenya: a case study of the Council of Governors. This study was guided by the following specific objective; to investigate the relationship between knowledge storage and the effectiveness of institutions supporting devolution in Kenya: a case study of the CoG. This study was guided by the knowledge-based view theory of the firm. The study used a descriptive research design. The study adopted a census approach where the population was drawn from the staff of the Council of Governors (CoG). Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis used the quantitative technique. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS where descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages were used. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted and findings were presented in tables and figures. Findings indicated that knowledge storage had the highest impact (β = 0.442, p = 0.000), highlighting the need for well-structured systems to retain and retrieve critical information. The study recommends investment in digital knowledge management systems, structured learning initiatives, and collaborative platforms to enhance institutional efficiency and service delivery. Strengthening these knowledge management dimensions will drive informed decision-making, reduce duplication of efforts, and improve overall governance in devolved systems. Key Words: Council of Governors, Institutions Supporting Devolution, Devolution, knowledge management practices, knowledge storage
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE DIMENSIONS AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA
The study aimed to assess how specific cultural practices contribute to improved performance and identify strategies for fostering a productive work environment focusing on two key cultural dimensions: leadership style and communication. The research was driven by the need to address gaps in the literature, which has traditionally focused on the private sector. Given the distinct regulatory frameworks of state corporations, it is crucial to understand how these structures influenced employee behavior. The study was grounded in several theoretical frameworks, including Transformational Leadership Theory and Communication Accommodation Theory. These theories provided insights into how leadership and communication affected organizational dynamics and performance outcomes. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. The study will target state agencies in Kenya. According to The State Corporations Advisory Committee (SCAC) (2019), there are 46 state agencies in Kenya. The unit of analysis was therefore the 46 state agencies while the unit of observation was the management employees working in the state agencies. The study therefore targeted a total of 276 respondents comprising of 46 top managers, 92 middle level managers and 138 lower-level managers. The sample for this study was arrived at using the Slovin’s sample size determination formula for categorical data. The sample size was 163 respondents. This study also used questionnaire to collect data relevant to this study. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques which are frequencies, mean, standard deviation. Inferential statistics which include Pearson correlation and the Regression Analysis Model was used to test the relationship between study variables. The significance of the model was tested at 5% level of significance. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that leadership style has a positive and employee performance of state corporations in Kenya. Findings revealed that empowerment, evaluation and participation influences employee performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study also concludes that communication has a positive and significant effect on employee performance of state corporations in Kenya. Findings revealed that ethical and social responsibility, people orientation and outcome orientation influence employee performance of state corporations in Kenya. The study recommends that the management of State Corporation’s in Kenya actively foster a collaborative work culture by promoting team-based projects, encouraging open communication, and providing platforms for shared decision-making. Key Words: Organizational Culture Dimensions, Employee Performance, State Corporations, Leadership Style, Communication
PROJECT QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AMONG GAS AND FUEL RETAIL STATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY, KENYA
The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions, coupled with the challenges posed by the high operational costs and environmental impacts of fossil fuel-based power systems, necessitates the adoption of alternative energy sources like solar technology. In Kenya, the downstream oil sector, particularly the Fuel and Gas Retail Stations, faces increasing energy costs and environmental concerns related to its reliance on fossil fuels. To address these challenges, integrating solar energy technology has become a promising solution. However, the successful implementation of solar projects requires effective management of project quality to ensure optimal performance and long-term sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of project quality on the performance of solar technology projects at the stations, specifically within the Nairobi region's downstream oil sector. The research focused on key aspects of project quality; quality assurance, and quality control. The primary objectives were to assess how each of these factors influence the performance of solar technology projects at the stations. A descriptive research design was adopted, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive analysis. The target population included 192 participants from various stations’ departments, including Gas and Fuel Station Dealers, Station Managers and Projects and Maintenance Engineers, Data was collected through structured questionnaires for quantitative analysis and semi-structured interviews for qualitative insights. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative responses was analyzed through content analysis to identify emerging themes. Key Words: Solar Energy Technology, Gas and Fuel Retail Stations, Project Quality, Quality Assurance, Quality Control
STRATEGIC INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF AVIATION INDUSTRY IN KENYA
The problem in Kenya's aviation industry was the fragmented approach to safety management, characterized by varying levels of compliance with international safety standards, inadequate integration of safety practices, and insufficient attention to human resource, risk, and fleet management, which hindered the sector's growth, global reputation, and safety performance. The study aimed to assess the influence of strategic integration management on the safety performance of Kenya's aviation industry, with specific objectives to evaluate the impact of strategic alliances and strategic risk management on safety performance. The study was anchored on Contingency Theory and Institutional Theory. It employed a descriptive research design to assess the relationship between strategic integration management and safety performance in Kenya's aviation industry. The target population included 136 airline management executives, 346 operational staff, and 126 safety and compliance personnel, totaling 608 individuals. Using Slovin’s formula, a sample size of 241 was determined, with the sample distributed among the different categories. Data were collected using Likert scale questionnaires, ensuring reliability through Cronbach's alpha and validity through content, criterion, and construct validation. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis, to evaluate the influence of strategic management practices on safety performance. The study found that strategic integration management—specifically strategic alliances and risk management—has a significant positive impact on the safety performance of Kenya's aviation industry. Strategic alliances improved safety through shared goals, resource complementarity, and collaboration, while risk management enhanced hazard mitigation and operational resilience. Both variables showed strong, statistically significant correlations with safety performance, with risk management emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that enhancing these strategic practices is essential for improving safety outcomes, aligning with international standards, and strengthening the overall performance of the aviation sector in Kenya. Key Words: Strategic Integration Management, Safety Performance, Kenya's Aviation Industry, Strategic Alliances, Strategic Risk Management
TECH SOLUTIONS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN HEALTH PROGRAMS IN KENYA
Despite significant investments in health programs in Nairobi County, Kenya, the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices remains a critical challenge, often hindered by outdated methods and inadequate technological support. This study investigated the impact of technological tools on the effectiveness of M&E practices in these health programs. As health programs increasingly rely on accurate and timely data to guide decision-making and improve outcomes, the integration of advanced technological tools becomes essential. This research focused on two key technological areas: data collection tools and data analysis tools and how they influence the effectiveness of M&E processes. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study, targeting a population of 60 management-level employees working across various health programs. Given the relatively small size of the population, a census sampling approach was used, ensuring that all eligible participants were included in the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, which combined both closed-ended and open-ended questions to gather comprehensive insights from respondents. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including regression analysis, to explore the relationships between the use of technological tools and the effectiveness of M&E practices. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, health program managers, and technology developers, highlighting the importance of investing in technology and capacity building to maximize the effectiveness of M&E practices in resource-constrained settings. This research contribute to the broader understanding of how technology can be leveraged to improve public health outcomes. The findings revealed that technological components had a statistically significant and positive relationship with M&E effectiveness. Among them, data analysis tools emerged as the strongest predictor, followed by data collection tools. The study concludes that integrating digital tools at all stages of the M&E cycle enhances data accuracy, timeliness, decision-making, and stakeholder communication. The study recommends strategic investments in analytical capacity, interoperable data systems, digital literacy training, and collaborative platforms to strengthen M&E performance in health programs. These findings provide practical guidance for policymakers, development partners, and program managers aiming to enhance evidence-based decision-making through technology-enabled M&E systems. Key Words: Tech Solutions, Monitoring and Evaluation, Health Programs, M&E practices, data collection tools, data analysis tools
STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF HUDUMA KENYA
The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of strategic change management practices on performance of Huduma Kenya. The specific objectives were to assess the effect of leadership support and stakeholder involvement. The study was guided by Transformational Leadership theory, Stakeholder theory and Organizational Performance theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of interest comprised of 5 representatives from Huduma Centre Secretariat, 20 Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA) representatives from each of the 52 Huduma centres and 52 Huduma centre managers from each centre. The research used stratified random sampling approach in selecting 279 MDA representatives and 14 Huduma centre managers. A census approach was used for the 5 representatives from Huduma Centre Secretariat. The study employed both primary and secondary data. The questionnaire was used to collect primary data and included closed-ended questions to gather quantitative data, supplemented by a few open-ended questions to capture qualitative insights. The secondary data was collected through a data collection sheet. A pilot study of 30 staff from the General Post Office (GPO) Huduma centre in Nairobi represented 10% of the sample population. Content validity was used to measure validity while reliability of the questionnaire was assessed through internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Quantitative data collected through the questionnaires was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics included correlation analysis and regression analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis and presented in prose form. Results revealed that Huduma Kenya service delivery programme communicates clearly and effectively, Leaders at HKSDP encourage feedback and implement agreed changes, and that HKSDP ensures stakeholders are well-represented in discussions and forums. The study concludes that leadership support, and stakeholder involvement have positive and significant relationships with the performance of Huduma Kenya. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Huduma Kenya enhance leadership engagement, prioritize capacity-building efforts, and foster better communication channels to drive improved service delivery. Additionally, while stakeholder involvement remains important, it could be further strengthened through more targeted engagement strategies and involvement of MDAs in decision making. Key Words: Strategic Change Management Practices, Performance of Huduma Kenya, Leadership Support, Stakeholder Involvement
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION AND ALLIED COMPANIES LISTED AT NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA
This research examined how credit risk management affects the financial performance of construction and related companies listed on Kenya's Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). Specifically, it analyzed the effects of credit risk assessment, and identification on financial performance, using Return on Equity (ROE) as the key performance indicator. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing secondary panel data collected from published financial statements of listed companies over a defined period. Stata version 18 was used for data analysis, which includes panel regression modeling, correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that credit risk assessment (credit scores and credit risk identification (cash flow coverage ratio) had strong, positive, and statistically significant effects on ROE across all models. The study's regression model revealed that 81% of the variation in ROE was explained by credit risk management variables, implying that other external factors play a minor role. The results underscore the importance of robust credit evaluation, liquidity management, and proactive risk identification in enhancing firm profitability. The study recommends strengthening credit assessment mechanisms, improving cash flow analysis practices, and revisiting current credit monitoring frameworks. These insights provide valuable implications for financial managers, policymakers, and investors in the construction sector. Key Words: Credit Risk Management, Financial Performance, Nairobi Securities Exchange, Credit Risk Assessment, Return on Equity, Credit Scores, Credit Risk Identification, Cash Flow Coverage Ratio
STRATEGIC CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND PERFORMANCE OF TEA PROCESSING COMPANIES IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
Tea processing companies play a vital role in Kenya’s economy, particularly in agricultural and rural development. As one of the country’s leading export commodities, tea contributes significantly to foreign exchange earnings and provides employment to thousands of people both directly and indirectly. However, tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya, face significant challenges that impact their performance. The general objective of this study is to determine the influence of strategic control techniques on performance of tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to assess the influence of premise control on performance of tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya and to determine the influence of strategic surveillance on performance of tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya. This study was guided by Cognitive Load Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Contingency Theory and Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The study employed descriptive research design. This study targeted tea processing companies in Kiambu County. Currently there are 66 operational tea factories under the KTDA (MS) Ltd management, each managed by a board of directors elected by and from among the growers of the specific factory catchment (KTDA, 2024). This study therefore targeted the management employees in these companies. The total target population was therefore 594 respondents. The study used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula to arrive at the sample size of 170 respondents. The researcher used questionnaires. Seventeen respondents were used for pilot testing representing 10% of the sample size. In this study the collected data was analysed by both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Data was edited, sorted, coded and analysed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Inferential statistical methods such as correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to test the relationship between the variables. The study adopted multiple linear regression analysis. The study concludes that premise control has a positive and significant influence on performance of tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya. Further, the study concludes that strategic surveillance has a positive and significant influence on performance of tea processing companies in Kiambu County, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of tea processing companies in Kenya should strengthen their internal quality control systems by implementing standardized procedures at every stage of production. By emphasizing strict adherence to operational guidelines companies can enhance product consistency and reduce losses caused by inefficiencies or defects. Key Words: Strategic Control Techniques, Premise Control, Strategic Surveillance, Performance of Tea Processing Companies
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND PERFORMANCE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The general objective of this study was to determine the influence of strategic management process on performance of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the influence of environmental scanning on performance of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County, Kenya and to examine the influence of strategy evaluation on performance of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was guided by Contingency Theory and The Control Systems Theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study is the regulatory agencies (regulatory State corporations) in Kenya. According to information from PSPMMU (2023), there are forty-eight (48) independent regulatory agencies in Kenya. Therefore, the target population for this study consisted of forty-eight (48) independent regulatory agencies. The regulatory agencies have a total of 336 management employees. The study targeted all the management employees. The study used Yamane (1967) formula to determine the size of the sample. The sample size was 183 respondents. This research used a questionnaire to collect primary data. Inferential and descriptive statistics were employed for analysis of quantitative data with the assistance of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean (measure of dispersion), standard deviation, and percentages were used. Inferential data analysis was conducted by use of Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The relationship between the study variables was tested using multivariate regression models. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that environmental scanning has a positive and significant effect on performance of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study also concludes that strategy evaluation has a positive and significant effect on performance of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The management of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County should institutionalize regular and structured environmental scanning practices—specifically integrating SWOT, PESTLE, and SLEPT analyses—into their strategic planning processes. The management of regulatory agencies in Nairobi City County should establish a robust strategy evaluation framework that regularly assesses the effectiveness, progress, and completion of strategic initiatives. Key Words: Strategic Management Process, Environmental Scanning, Strategy Evaluation, Performance of Regulatory Agencies
GROWTH STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
The performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County has been on a decline in recent years. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) Economic Survey of 2023, the growth rate of the food and beverage manufacturing sub-sector slowed from 4.3% in 2020 to 2.9% in 2022. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of growth strategies on the Performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on the effect of market penetration on performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya and the effect of Market development on performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive research design. According to KAM (2022) report, there are 76 are food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study therefore targets 456 management employees working in the 76 food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study’s sample size was reached at using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination formula. The sample size was 209 respondents. Stratified random sampling was applied in selecting the sample for this study. The study then used simple random sampling in selecting the sample. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Administration of the questionnaires was done by the research assistant using the drop and pick later techniques. The study used a total of 21 individuals in the pilot test. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques such as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data will be analyzed using content analysis and presented in prose form. The study also analyzed the data using inferential statistics which include correlation and regression analysis. The study concludes that market penetration has a positive and significant influence on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. In addition, the study concludes that market development strategy has a positive and significant influence on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of food and beverage manufacturing firms should prioritize strategies that enhance market penetration—such as expanding distribution channels, investing in targeted marketing campaigns, and optimizing pricing models—to boost sales volume and align with consumer behavior trends, thereby improving overall firm performance. Key Words: Growth Strategies, Market Penetration, Market Development, Performance of Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms
Performance of Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms
EFFECTS OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCEIN COUNTY PENSION FUND FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED IN KENYA
This study sought to establish the effect of workforce diversity on employee performance in CPF Financial Services limited. The study adopted a descriptive and causal study design. The target population was categorized into three sub groups’ i.e. Senior management level, middle management level and low management level. There are 10 senior management staffs, 46 middle level management and 140 low level management staff within CPF financial services ltd. The target population of the study was therefore 196. The sampling technique that was used in this study was random sampling technique. The sampling frame for this study was all the staff of CPF Financial services Limited. The sample size was 132. Primary data was collected through the administration of the questionnaires. The study used quantitative techniques in analyzing the data. Descriptive analysis was employed; which include; mean standard deviations and frequencies/percentages. Inferential statistics such as correlation and regression analysis was used. The analyzed data was presented in charts, bars and tables. The study found that gender diversity was statistically significant to employee performance, age diversity was statistically significant to employee performance, cultural diversity was statistically significant to employee performance and education background diversity was statistically significant to employee performance. The study recommends that organizations need to embrace employee diversity management strategies as this can contribute to organizational performance through enhanced decision-making and problem-solving by providing a range of perspectives, a broad spectrum of expertise and a more robust process for critical evaluation. The HR should formulate strategies to eliminate negative cultural discrimination climate within the organization. Awareness-based training programs can be induced to help employees to reflect on their stereotypes. Behavioral-based training can also provide concrete recommendations on how to deal with an ethnic diverse workforce. The HR management needs to formulate policies that encourage employee development, or recruitment of employees with diverse educational backgrounds, this will create a wide pool of knowledge within the organization thus enhancing organizational competitiveness. The researcher recommends further studies on workforce diversity on employee performance related to employee satisfaction and encourage more studies on workforce approaches, discursive approaches and workforce design theories to build up more scholarly work in this field. Keywords: Employee Performance, Cultural Diversity, Gender Diversity, Educational Diversity and Workforce Diversity
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INFLUENCE OF REWARD SRATEGIES ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC UNIVERITIES IN KENYA
The study sough to investigate the influence of reward strategies on employee performance in Technical University of Kenya. The target population was 625 employees of Technical University of Kenya. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 244 respondents consisting of teaching and non-teaching staff. The study used the questionnaire as the data collection instrument. A pilot study of 25 subjects which is a 10% of the sample size was carried out to validate the questionnaire. Qualitative data was analyzed through Content analysis. The study adopted a descriptive research design and utilized both primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative techniques with the aid of SPSS version 22 while the main method of data presentation was frequency distribution, pie charts, and graphs.This study shall benefit the students who received quality teaching from motivated staff.The study revealed that in the institution the employees are committed towards delivering high quality services to get bonuses and also that organization salary is determined by the performance of the employee. The study revealed that employees are well trained for the work which they do and also that while on duty the organization give them trainings they need to do their job. The study establish revealed that organization it gives satisfactory rewards for work performance. The study revealed that organization management is responsible for promoting the right person before hiring people from outside and also that there is clearly established career path. Regarding the pay scheme the study revealed that employees work with minimal supervision or no supervision and also those incentives are given by the management to the employees. The study recommends that the management of the institution should conducts capability assessment to benchmark skills required for critical roles and further development for the employees and offer payments that match the job descriptions and roles of the employees. Relating to growth opportunities the study revealed that TUK is good at identifying individual training needs and that the organization take part in career development opportunities on a regular basis. The study recommends that institution management should seek to educate their employees on the know how to effectively use the new technology and equipment. The study recommends that the management of the institutions should always appreciate employees for good performance in their work on a specified period. The management should also set criteria for employees’ recognition. The study recommends that the management of the school should consider to give employees who are already in the institution a first priority when a vacant position arises within the organization to outsourcing new employees. Keyword: Employee Performance, Reward, Reward Strategy, Motivation, Performance, Pay Schemes, Growth Opportunities, Recognition and Staff Promotion.