International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences
The International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences (IJIESS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication of Scholar Nest Publishers. The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for advancing research at the intersection of business, innovation, entrepreneurship, and the social sciences, with a strong focus on practical solutions to real-world challenges. Its scope covers Innovation and Technology (innovation management, digital transformation, sustainable innovation), Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (SMEs, startups, governance, strategic management), Social Sciences (leadership, organizational behavior, social enterprises, development studies), and Cross-disciplinary Studies (innovation in education, health, policy, and socio-economic impacts). SUBMIT YOUR PAPER
DIGITAL PROJECT MONITORING TOOLS AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR-FUNDED PROJECTS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Donor-funded projects play a significant role in Kenya's socio-economic development, yet many continue to experience delays, cost overruns, and accountability challenges despite increased investment in digital monitoring systems. This study examined the effect of digital project monitoring tools on the performance of donor-funded projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study evaluated the influence of data accuracy and reliability, and feedback and corrective mechanisms on project performance. The study was guided by the Resource-Based View Theory and Accountability Theory. A descriptive correlational research design was adopted. The target population comprised 185 donor-funded projects operating in Nairobi County, from which a sample of 126 respondents was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and a pilot study was conducted to establish instrument validity and reliability. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS version 28. Out of the 126 questionnaires administered, 118 were returned, representing a response rate of 93.7%. The findings revealed that both data accuracy and reliability, and feedback and corrective mechanisms had positive and statistically significant effects on project performance. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between data accuracy and reliability and project performance (r = 0.702, p < 0.05), and between feedback and corrective mechanisms and project performance (r = 0.688, p < 0.05). Regression results indicated that data accuracy and reliability (β = 0.245, p = 0.001) and feedback and corrective mechanisms (β = 0.218, p = 0.001) significantly predicted project performance. The overall regression model was statistically significant (F = 106.972, p < 0.001) and explained 75.2% of the variation in project performance (R² = 0.752). The study concludes that effective digital project monitoring tools enhance project performance by improving data quality, accountability, evidence-based decision-making, organisational learning, and timely corrective action. The study recommends that implementing agencies strengthen data governance practices, institutionalise structured digital feedback systems, invest in staff capacity building, and integrate monitoring platforms to improve the performance and sustainability of donor-funded projects. Keywords: Digital project monitoring tools, data accuracy and reliability, feedback and corrective mechanisms, project performance, donor-funded projects, Nairobi City County.
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STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF WATER PROJECTS IN NORTHERN COUNTIES, KENYA
Water projects in Northern Kenya continue to experience challenges related to cost overruns, schedule delays, and inadequate service delivery despite substantial public investment. Effective stakeholder management has been identified as a critical factor in improving project performance. This study examined the influence of stakeholder identification and stakeholder monitoring on the performance of water projects in Northern Counties, Kenya. The study was guided by Resource Dependence Theory and Realistic Evaluation Theory and adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis comprised 28 completed water projects, while the unit of observation consisted of 182 respondents selected using stratified random sampling based on Yamane's formula. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, complemented by secondary data on project performance. Instrument validity was established through content and construct validity, while reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 28 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that stakeholder identification had a significant positive relationship with project performance (r = .560, p < .001) and significantly predicted project performance (β = 0.633, p < .001). Stakeholder monitoring also exhibited a strong positive relationship with project performance (r = .792, p < .001) and emerged as the strongest predictor of project performance (β = 0.639, p < .001). The regression model explained 80.0% of the variation in project performance (R² = .800), indicating that stakeholder management practices substantially influence the success of water projects. The study concludes that systematic stakeholder identification and continuous stakeholder monitoring significantly enhance the performance of water projects. It recommends that project managers adopt structured stakeholder identification frameworks, institutionalize continuous stakeholder monitoring, strengthen stakeholder feedback mechanisms, and utilize monitoring results to support project decision-making and improve project outcomes. Keywords: Stakeholder identification, stakeholder monitoring, project performance, water projects, stakeholder management, Northern Kenya.
PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Project communication management is the backbone of effective decision-making throughout the lifespan of a project. Affordable housing contributes to economic growth by improving people's standards of living while creating employment opportunities in both the formal and informal sectors. However, the performance of affordable housing programs has been constrained by several communication-related challenges. The general objective of the study was to establish the effect of project communication management on the performance of affordable housing programs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effect of communication channel and communication system on the performance of affordable housing programs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by Communication Theory and the Technology Acceptance Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The unit of analysis comprised 11 completed affordable housing programs within Nairobi City County, while the unit of observation consisted of 97 professionals involved in the management of the programs. Owing to the small target population, a census approach was adopted. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 10 project professionals was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the research instrument. Content and construct validity were established through expert review and confirmatory factor analysis, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 28 using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that the instrument was valid (AVE > 0.50) and reliable (Cronbach's alpha > 0.70). The findings revealed a strong and significant positive relationship between communication channel and program performance (r = .842, p = .024) and a strong positive relationship between communication system and program performance (r = .621, p = .024). The study concludes that effective communication channels and robust communication systems are critical determinants of affordable housing program performance. The study recommends that organizations institutionalize and strengthen communication channels across all project phases and invest in integrated, user-friendly digital communication systems to enhance information sharing, coordination, stakeholder engagement, and overall program performance. Keywords: Project communication management, communication channel, communication system, affordable housing program, program performance, Nairobi City County.
PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA
Road construction projects in Kenya continue to experience persistent cost overruns, schedule delays, and inefficient resource utilization, despite substantial public investment in transport infrastructure. In Mombasa County, unique environmental and logistical conditions, including saline soils, port congestion, and high urban density, further complicate project delivery and increase the risk of cost escalation. Although project cost management has received increasing scholarly attention, limited empirical evidence exists on the influence of cost estimation and cost planning on the performance of road construction projects in this context. This study examined the influence of cost estimation and cost planning practices on the performance of road construction projects in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Resource Dependency Theory and the Theory of Constraints and adopted a descriptive survey research design. The unit of analysis comprised 18 road construction projects implemented between 2020 and 2024, while the unit of observation consisted of 180 project staff. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires containing both Likert-scale and open-ended questions. Instrument validity and reliability were established through a pilot study involving 18 respondents. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis, while qualitative responses were analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings revealed that cost estimation had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with project performance (r = 0.816, p < 0.001), while cost planning also exhibited a positive and significant relationship with project performance (r = 0.527, p < 0.001). The study concludes that strengthening cost estimation and cost planning practices significantly enhances the performance of road construction projects. It recommends improving the accuracy of project cost estimates through comprehensive cost analysis and realistic forecasting, while strengthening cost planning through effective cost baseline development, cash flow planning, and cost forecasting to improve project delivery. Keywords: Cost estimation, cost planning, project cost management, project performance, road construction projects, Mombasa County, Kenya.
INCLUSIVE LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of inclusive leadership on performance management in microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study examined the influence of role modelling and perceived equity and fairness on performance management. The study was guided by Servant Leadership Theory and Social Exchange Theory. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population comprised employees from the 14 licensed microfinance institutions operating in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Using Godden's (2004) sample size determination formula for an unknown population, a sample of 138 respondents was selected, of whom 119 successfully participated in the study. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to establish the validity and reliability of the research instrument. The collected data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data, while tables, bar charts, and pie charts were used for presentation. Diagnostic tests comprising normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation were conducted to ascertain the suitability of the regression model. Inferential analysis was undertaken using Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relationships between the study variables. The findings established that role modelling (r = 0.689, β = 0.325, p < 0.05) and perceived equity and fairness (r = 0.707, β = 0.327, p < 0.05) each had a positive and statistically significant influence on performance management in the microfinance institutions. The study concludes that inclusive leadership significantly enhances performance management through leaders who consistently demonstrate exemplary behaviour and foster fairness and equity in organizational processes. Such leadership practices strengthen employee trust, commitment, and engagement, thereby improving the effectiveness of performance management systems. The study recommends that microfinance institutions institutionalize ethical leadership practices that promote role modelling and strengthen fair and transparent performance management systems. It further recommends leadership development programmes that enhance leaders' capacity to demonstrate integrity, equity, and fairness while fostering an inclusive work environment that supports employee performance and organizational effectiveness. Keywords: Inclusive leadership, role modelling, perceived equity and fairness, performance management, microfinance institutions, Servant Leadership Theory, Social Exchange Theory.
REVERSE LOGISTICS PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The food and beverage manufacturing industry plays a vital role in promoting food security, value addition, employment creation, and economic growth. However, the sector continues to face increasing challenges associated with waste generation, disposal of end-of-life products, and environmental sustainability. Reverse logistics has emerged as an important strategy for improving resource utilization and enhancing organizational performance through sustainable waste management practices. This study examined the effect of reverse logistics practices on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with particular focus on recycling practices and disposal management. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of recycling practices and disposal management on firm performance. The study was anchored on the Closed-Loop Supply Chain Theory and Transaction Cost Economics Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis comprised food and beverage manufacturing firms operating in Nairobi City County, while the unit of observation consisted of heads of supply chain, logistics, and procurement departments. A sample of 144 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were obtained using semi-structured questionnaires, whereas secondary data were sourced from company reports and relevant industry publications. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28. The findings revealed that recycling practices have a positive and statistically significant effect on the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms. Similarly, disposal management was found to have a positive and significant influence on firm performance. The study concludes that effective implementation of recycling and environmentally responsible disposal management practices enhances operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, and overall organizational performance. The study recommends that food and beverage manufacturing firms strengthen recycling initiatives by investing in waste segregation, material recovery, and resource reuse systems. In addition, firms should adopt environmentally sustainable disposal management practices that minimize landfill disposal, promote compliance with environmental regulations, and improve long-term organizational performance. Keywords: Reverse logistics, recycling practices, disposal management, firm performance, food and beverage manufacturing firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND HEALTHCARE SERVICE DELIVERY IN LEVEL FIVE HOSPITALS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Despite ongoing efforts to improve healthcare service delivery in Level Five hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya, supply chain inefficiencies, regular stock-outs, and limited resources still pose significant challenges. Strategic procurement management is now seen as a key facilitator of effective and equitable delivery of healthcare services in these hospitals. This study examined the influence of four strategic procurement management practices procurement planning, supplier relationship management (SRM), contract management, and procurement risk management on healthcare service delivery in Level Five hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Agency Theory, Transaction Cost Economics, and Supplier Relationship Management Theory. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was adopted with a target population of 234 staff members across all 18 Level Five hospitals (three public and fifteen private) in the county. A sample of 148 respondents was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula and selected through stratified random sampling. A total of 121 questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 81.8%. Data were analysed in SPSS version 29 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and the Mann–Whitney U test. Mean ratings were positive for all four practices, with contract management (M = 3.68, SD = 0.47) and healthcare service delivery (M = 4.32, SD = 0.34) rated highest overall. The overall regression model was significant and accounted for 68.7% of the variance in healthcare service delivery (R² = .687, F(4, 116) = 63.562, p < .001). All four practices were significant positive predictors: supplier relationship management (β = .593, p < .001), contract management (β = .397, p < .001), procurement planning (β = .269, p < .001), and procurement risk management (β = .253, p < .001). A Mann–Whitney U test found that private hospitals had a significant advantage over public hospitals in service delivery outcomes (U = 406.50, Z = −3.056, p = .002). The study concludes that supplier relationship management and contract management have the greatest influence on healthcare service delivery, and recommends structured supplier relationships and strong contract governance for hospital management, alongside improved procurement oversight in public hospitals for policymakers, to close the service delivery gap. Keywords: strategic procurement management, supplier relationship management, contract management, healthcare service delivery, Level Five hospitals, Kenya
TRANSFORMATIONAL STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF FASHION RETAIL FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The performance of fashion retail firms in Nairobi City County has declined in recent years despite the sector's significant contribution to employment, economic growth, and value chain development. Many firms continue to experience shrinking profit margins, intense competition, rapid technological changes, and difficulties adapting to evolving consumer preferences, raising concerns about their long-term competitiveness and sustainability. This study examined the effect of servant leadership and Technology adoption on the performance of fashion retail firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the effect of servant leadership and Technology adoption on firm performance. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The unit of analysis comprised 43 registered fashion retail firms in Nairobi City County, while the unit of observation consisted of management-level employees drawn from the selected firms. A target population of 258 management employees was identified, from which a sample of 157 respondents was determined using Yamane's sampling formula. Primary data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to establish the relationships between the study variables. The findings revealed that servant leadership has a positive and statistically significant influence on the performance of fashion retail firms. The study also established that Technology adoption positively and significantly influence firm performance by enhancing organizational adaptability, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage. The study concludes that organizations that embrace servant leadership while continuously investing in innovation are more likely to achieve superior organizational performance. The study recommends that management should strengthen servant leadership practices through employee empowerment, ethical leadership, and participatory decision-making while simultaneously investing in continuous innovation, digital transformation, and product and process improvement to enhance organizational competitiveness and sustainable performance. Keywords: Servant leadership, Technology adoption, organizational performance, fashion retail firms, strategic management, competitiveness, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL DAMS AND WATER PAN PROJECTS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
Arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) experience persistent water scarcity due to low and erratic rainfall, making sustainable water infrastructure essential for socioeconomic development. Despite significant investments in small dams and water pans in Machakos County, Kenya, many of these projects experience declining functionality within a few years of completion. This study examined the influence of project management practices, specifically cost management and risk management, on the sustainability of small dams and water pan projects in Machakos County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the Theory of Strategic Cost Management and Risk Management Theory and adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 324 respondents drawn from county officials, water company officials, project managers and engineers, and community beneficiaries. Using the Yamane sampling formula, a sample of 179 respondents was selected, of whom 162 returned completed questionnaires, representing a response rate of 90.5%. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that both cost management and risk management had positive and statistically significant effects on the sustainability of small dams and water pan projects. Cost management emerged as the strongest predictor of sustainability, indicating that effective budgeting, expenditure monitoring, procurement control, and maintenance financing are critical for ensuring long-term project functionality. Risk management also significantly enhanced sustainability through proactive risk identification, feasibility assessment, early warning systems, and preventive interventions. The study recommends adopting lifecycle-based cost management, establishing ring-fenced maintenance funds, strengthening routine risk monitoring and early warning systems, and developing a county-level sustainability framework to enhance the long-term performance of small dams and water pans in Machakos County. Keywords: Cost management; Risk management; Project management practices; Sustainability; Small dams; Water pan projects; Machakos County; Kenya.
WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Large manufacturing firms in Kenya continue to face warehouse management challenges, including inaccurate inventory records, stock-outs, inefficient receiving processes, and poor warehouse space utilization, which negatively affect operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and overall organizational performance. This study examined the influence of Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) on the performance of large manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with specific focus on inventory management and receiving and put-away. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory and Transaction Cost Economics Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised 172 respondents drawn from 92 large manufacturing firms registered with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM). Purposive sampling was used to select respondents directly involved in warehouse operations. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, while descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were employed to analyze the data using SPSS Version 29. A total of 121 completed questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 78.1%. The findings revealed that both inventory management and receiving and put-away had positive and statistically significant effects on the performance of large manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Inventory management exhibited a significant positive influence through improved inventory visibility, optimized stock levels, and enhanced inventory accuracy, while effective receiving and put-away practices enhanced receiving accuracy, warehouse space utilization, and operational efficiency. The regression model was statistically significant (p < .001), indicating that Warehouse Management Systems are important determinants of organizational performance. The study concludes that effective implementation of Warehouse Management Systems enhances warehouse operations and contributes significantly to improved organizational performance through better inventory control, efficient receiving and storage processes, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced financial performance. The study recommends that large manufacturing firms strengthen investment in Warehouse Management Systems, prioritize real-time inventory management, automate receiving and put-away processes, and continuously improve warehouse operational practices to enhance competitiveness and organizational performance. Keywords: Warehouse Management Systems, inventory management, receiving and put-away, organizational performance, large manufacturing firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION DRIVERS AND PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Construction firms in Kenya continue to experience performance challenges arising from inefficient resource utilization, weak organizational systems, and strategic implementation gaps, which undermine profitability, revenue growth, and stakeholder satisfaction despite the sector's significant contribution to the economy. This study examined the influence of strategic implementation drivers on the performance of construction firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with specific focus on resource allocation and organizational culture. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory and Contingency Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted 136 respondents, comprising project managers, project engineers from 66 registered construction firms, and four managers from the National Construction Authority. Given the relatively small population, a census approach was employed. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire that was piloted to establish validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS. Of the 136 questionnaires administered, 129 were returned fully completed, representing a response rate of 94.85%, which was considered adequate for statistical analysis and generalization of the findings. The findings revealed that resource allocation and organizational culture had a positive and statistically significant influence on the performance of construction firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study concluded that effective allocation of financial, technological, and human resources, together with a supportive organizational culture characterized by strong leadership, collaboration, innovation, and ethical practices, are critical strategic implementation drivers for enhancing construction firm performance. The study recommends that construction firms prioritize strategic investment in critical organizational resources while strengthening organizational cultures that promote employee commitment, teamwork, innovation, and accountability. These measures are expected to improve project delivery, operational efficiency, profitability, revenue growth, and overall organizational performance within Kenya's construction industry. Keywords: Resource allocation, organizational culture, strategic implementation, firm performance, construction firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE MANUFACTURERS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Despite the important contribution of non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers to employment creation, value addition, industrial diversification and urban economic growth, firms operating in Nairobi City County continue to experience performance challenges arising from rising input costs, intense market competition, regulatory pressure, changing consumer preferences and operational inefficiencies. The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of strategic management practices on the performance of non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study assessed the influence of strategic planning practices and monitoring and evaluation practices on organizational performance. The study was anchored on Resource-Based View Theory and Contingency Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised 1,360 management employees drawn from 272 registered non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers in Nairobi City County. Using Yamane's formula, a sample size of 309 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 28 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The study achieved a response rate of 77.3%, which was considered adequate for analysis and reporting. The findings revealed that strategic planning practices and monitoring and evaluation practices were positively and significantly associated with organizational performance. Correlation results showed strong positive relationships between performance and strategic planning practices (r=0.862, p=0.000) and monitoring and evaluation practices (r=0.843, p=0.001). Regression analysis further established that strategic planning practices (beta=0.357, p=0.000) and monitoring and evaluation practices (beta=0.338, p=0.001) had positive and statistically significant effects on performance. The regression model explained 64.9% of the variation in organizational performance. The study concluded that strategic management practices are critical drivers of market share, operational efficiency, profitability, customer satisfaction and overall competitiveness among non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers in Nairobi City County. The study recommends that non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers in Kenya should institutionalize comprehensive strategic planning practices that align operational activities with long-term business objectives, market trends and consumer preferences. Key Words: Strategic Management Practices, Strategic Planning Practices, Monitoring and Evaluation Practices Non-Alcoholic Beverage Manufacturers
STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
This sought to establish the influence of Strategic leadership on a firm’s competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was guided by the following Specific objectives; to examine the Influence of strategic direction on a firm’s competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya, to establish the Influence of Strategic Communication on a firm’s competitive advantage over commercial banks in Kenya, to determine the Influence of Change Management on a firm’s competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya and to evaluate the Influence of Employee Empowerment on a firm’s competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. The theories underpinning the study were resource-based view theory, dynamic capabilities theory, Kotter’s theory of change, and behavioral leadership theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design to measure the influence of strategic leadership on the competitive advantage of commercial banks in Nairobi County, The target population was 39 commercial banks in Nairobi Kenya with respondents being business unit managers. The study used purposive sampling to determine the sample size. A pilot study was carried out using 10% of the sample.24 questionnaires were used to test the reliability and validity of the study. The reliability and validity test results showed that all the items of the questionnaire assessing the independent variables against the dependent variable had a Cronbach Alpha value of above 0.7 and factor loadings above 0.4; thus no item was deleted. This implied that the questionnaire was reliable and valid to gather data for the main study. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect primary data and SPSS was used to analyze data. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to establish the relationships that exist between the variables. The correlation coefficient was used to measure the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, while the regression analysis was used to measure the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Data was presented in the form of tables. Descriptive statistics, such as mean, frequencies, standard deviation, and percentages, were used to profile major patterns emerging from the data. The relationships between the variables were determined using inferential statistics. The correlation analysis showed that there exists a significant positive correlation between the independent variables of the study and the competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. Inferential analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between strategic leadership and the competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. Based on the R–squared, the model can explain 77.4 % of the changes in the dependent variable. Regression results showed that a unit increase in any independent variable will lead to an increase in the competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. Keywords: Strategic leadership, strategic direction, strategic communication, change management, employee empowerment, competitive advantage, commercial banks, Kenya
PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION PROJECTS IN KENYA
Electricity generation projects are critical to Kenya's economic growth and energy security, with the Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC (KenGen) playing a leading role in electricity production and infrastructure development. Despite continued investment in electricity generation projects, challenges related to schedule delays, cost overruns, and quality performance persist, raising concerns about the effectiveness of project management strategies. This study examined the influence of project planning and stakeholder engagement on the performance of electricity generation projects at KenGen. A descriptive survey design within a mixed-methods approach was adopted. The target population comprised 1,200 employees involved in electricity generation projects, from which a sample of 112 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling, while purposive sampling was used to select key informants. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS Version 28, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that project planning has a positive and statistically significant influence on project performance (β = 0.238, p = 0.001), indicating that effective planning, realistic scheduling, and structured planning tools improve project delivery outcomes. Stakeholder engagement also exhibited a positive and significant influence on project performance (β = 0.267, p < 0.001), making it the strongest predictor among the variables studied. The study concludes that strengthening project planning practices and institutionalizing effective stakeholder engagement mechanisms are essential for improving project delivery in terms of timeliness, cost efficiency, quality, and stakeholder acceptance. The study recommends greater adoption of integrated project planning systems, enhanced use of digital planning tools, and structured stakeholder participation throughout the project lifecycle to improve the performance and sustainability of electricity generation projects in Kenya. Keywords: Project planning, stakeholder engagement, project performance, electricity generation projects, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), Kenya
Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), Kenya
PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF HOUSING PROJECTS IN NAIROBI CITY, KENYA
Housing construction projects in Nairobi City County continue to experience persistent performance challenges, including project delays, cost overruns, quality deficiencies, and low stakeholder satisfaction despite increased public and private investment in the housing sector. This study examined the influence of two Project Integration Management (PIM) practices, stakeholder engagement and communication and documentation, on the performance of housing construction projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory and Systems Theory, which provide theoretical explanations for stakeholder collaboration and integrated information management in project environments. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The target population comprised 102 project managers overseeing active and recently completed public, private, and public-private partnership (PPP) housing projects in Nairobi City County. Given the manageable population, a census approach was employed. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were established through expert review, Content Validity Index (CVI), and Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27 through descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that both stakeholder engagement and communication and documentation have positive and statistically significant effects on housing project performance. Communication and documentation emerged as the strongest predictor of project performance, followed closely by stakeholder engagement. The study concludes that effective stakeholder participation, structured communication systems, consistent reporting, and reliable documentation enhance project coordination, accountability, transparency, and overall project delivery. However, weaknesses remain in stakeholder feedback mechanisms, conflict resolution processes, digital documentation systems, and accessibility of project information. The study recommends institutionalizing structured stakeholder engagement frameworks, strengthening feedback and conflict resolution mechanisms, investing in digital communication and document management platforms, and standardizing project reporting systems to improve coordination and accountability. These interventions are expected to enhance the timely, cost-effective, and quality delivery of housing construction projects in Nairobi City County. Keywords: Project Integration Management, Stakeholder Engagement, Communication and Documentation, Housing Construction Projects, Project Performance, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES AND PERFORMANCE OF NEW VEHICLE DISTRIBUTORS AND ASSEMBLERS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
The vehicle distribution industry in Kenya has experienced notable performance challenges, The vehicle distribution industry in Kenya has experienced increasing performance challenges due to intensified competition, changing customer preferences, and evolving market dynamics, highlighting the need for firms to strengthen their strategic capabilities. This study examined the effect of financing capabilities and marketing capabilities on the organizational performance of licensed new vehicle distributors and assemblers in Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted 341 senior management employees drawn from 31 licensed new vehicle distribution and assembly firms, from which a sample of 184 respondents was selected using purposive sampling. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to determine the relationship between the study variables. The findings revealed that financing capabilities had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with organizational performance (r = 0.772, p < 0.001) and exerted a significant positive effect (β = 0.382, p < 0.001). Similarly, marketing capabilities recorded the strongest positive correlation with organizational performance (r = 0.783, p < 0.001) and a significant positive effect (β = 0.340, p < 0.001). The study concludes that financing and marketing capabilities are critical strategic capabilities that significantly enhance the organizational performance of licensed new vehicle distributors and assemblers in Kenya. The study recommends that firms strengthen their financing systems by improving access to capital and financial planning while investing in innovative marketing capabilities that enhance customer acquisition, retention, and competitive positioning. Future research should examine additional strategic capabilities and external environmental factors that may influence organizational performance in the vehicle distribution industry. Keywords: Financing capabilities, marketing capabilities, organizational performance, strategic capabilities, vehicle distributors, Kenya.
SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Supply chain practices have become increasingly important in enhancing organizational efficiency, competitiveness, and overall performance in the manufacturing sector. Despite their recognized importance, many manufacturing firms continue to experience operational challenges associated with planning and delivery processes. This study sought to establish the relationship between supply chain practices and the performance of large manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study examined the effect of planning practices and delivery practices on the performance of large manufacturing firms. The study adopted a descriptive research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target population comprised 163 managers drawn from large manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, including procurement, finance, production, and administration managers. A census survey was employed, and data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 16 respondents was conducted to ascertain the reliability and validity of the research instrument. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29 through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that planning practices and delivery practices had a positive and statistically significant influence on the performance of large manufacturing firms. Planning practices exhibited the strongest relationship with firm performance, while delivery practices also contributed significantly to performance improvement. The regression results indicated that the two variables jointly explained 64.9% of the variation in organizational performance. The study concluded that effective planning practices, including demand forecasting, inventory management, periodic reviews, and expenditure analysis, as well as efficient delivery practices such as transportation management and clear distribution routes, are critical drivers of organizational performance. The study recommends that large manufacturing firms strengthen planning and delivery practices by enhancing demand forecasting systems, inventory control mechanisms, transportation management, and distribution networks to improve operational efficiency and overall organizational performance. Keywords: Supply Chain Practices, Planning Practices, Delivery Practices, Organizational Performance, Manufacturing Firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
CURRENT ASSET STRUCTURE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING AND ALLIED FIRMS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
Financial performance reflects the extent to which a firm generates value for its stakeholders by efficiently utilizing resources to achieve long-term profitability and sustainability. Within the manufacturing and allied sector at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), financial performance has become increasingly important due to declining profitability, firm suspensions, and persistent financial instability. This study sought to establish the influence of trade and other receivables and inventory on the financial performance of manufacturing and allied firms listed at the NSE. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory and Operating Cycle Theory. A descriptive research design was adopted, covering all eight manufacturing and allied firms listed on the NSE as of December 2024. A census approach was employed due to the manageable population size. Secondary data were obtained from audited and published financial reports sourced from the NSE and Capital Markets Authority (CMA) websites for the period 2015–2024. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and fixed-effects panel regression analysis at a 95% confidence level. The findings revealed that trade and other receivables had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial performance (β = 0.53982, p = 0.0005), indicating that effective receivables management enhances firm performance. Similarly, inventory exhibited a positive and statistically significant influence on financial performance (β = 0.47746, p = 0.0078), suggesting that maintaining optimal inventory levels contributes to improved operational efficiency and profitability. The study concludes that both trade and other receivables and inventory are important determinants of financial performance among manufacturing and allied firms listed on the NSE. The findings provide useful insights to managers in developing effective credit management and inventory control strategies aimed at improving profitability, liquidity, and overall firm performance. Key Words: Trade and Other Receivables, Inventory, Financial Performance, Current Asset Structure, Manufacturing Firms, Nairobi Securities Exchange, Resource-Based View Theory, Operating Cycle Theory.
CREDIT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND LOAN PERFORMANCE IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
Credit assessment remains a critical function in commercial banking because of its influence on loan performance and overall financial stability. This study examined the effect of selected credit assessment criteria on loan performance in Kenyan commercial banks, with particular focus on borrower character and collateral requirements. Despite the growing importance of effective credit appraisal, empirical evidence on the relative contribution of these factors to loan performance in Kenya remains limited. The study was anchored on the Credit Rationing Theory and the Credit Hazard Model. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted to examine trends and relationships between credit assessment practices and loan performance from 2015 to 2024. A census of all 38 commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya as at December 2024 was conducted. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Kenya reports, audited financial statements, and other published banking records. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 through descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. The findings revealed that borrower character and collateral requirements had a positive and statistically significant influence on loan performance. Borrower character emerged as the most influential predictor, explaining 84% of the variation in loan performance, while collateral requirements explained 82% of the variation. The results indicate that borrowers with strong repayment histories and low default records are more likely to maintain satisfactory loan performance. Similarly, adequate collateral coverage enhances loan recovery and reduces credit risk exposure. The study concludes that borrower character and collateral requirements are critical determinants of loan performance in Kenyan commercial banks. The study recommends that commercial banks strengthen credit appraisal systems by placing greater emphasis on borrowers’ repayment history, creditworthiness, and collateral adequacy during loan evaluation and monitoring processes. These measures are likely to improve loan quality, reduce default rates, and enhance the stability of the banking sector in Kenya. Keywords: Borrower Character, Collateral Requirements, Credit Assessment, Loan Performance, Commercial Banks, Kenya.
FIRM SPECIFIC FACTORS AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA
Financial distress remains a major concern among Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) in Kenya, threatening their financial stability and sustainability. This study examined the influence of asset tangibility and asset quality on the financial distress of DT-SACCOs in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Trade-Off Theory and the Wrecker Theory of Financial Distress. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting all 176 DT-SACCOs licensed by the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA) as at 31st December 2024. A census approach was employed, and secondary data were collected from audited financial statements covering the period 2015 to 2024. Financial distress was measured using the Altman Z-Score model, while asset tangibility was measured using the tangibility ratio and asset quality using the ratio of non-performing loans to gross loans. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with the aid of STATA software. The findings revealed that asset tangibility had a negative and statistically significant effect on financial distress (β = -424.456, p < 0.001), indicating that DT-SACCOs with higher levels of tangible assets experience lower levels of financial distress. The study further established that asset quality had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial distress (β = 324.480, p < 0.001), implying that deterioration in asset quality, reflected through increased non-performing loans, increases the likelihood of financial distress. The model explained 55.1% of the variation in financial distress (R² = 0.551) and was statistically significant (F = 78.245, p < 0.001). The study concludes that asset tangibility and asset quality are critical determinants of financial distress among DT-SACCOs in Kenya. The study recommends that SACCOs strengthen asset management practices and enhance credit risk management systems to minimize non-performing loans and improve financial stability. Keywords: Asset Tangibility, Asset Quality, Financial Distress, Deposit-Taking SACCOs, Altman Z-Score, Non-Performing Loans, Kenya.
PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD CHARTERED BANK NAIROBI COUNTY
Procurement practices can be described as activities which involve procurement planning, procurement controls, procurement monitoring and training workforce. Procurement management is used in many organizations to realize the greatest amount of benefit to the company while still effectively managing the costs associated with the acquisition of raw materials and operational components. The overall goal of this research was to examine the effect of procurement management practices on performance of Standard Chartered Bank Nairobi County. Specific objectives were to examine effect of procurement planning, monitoring on performance of Standard Chartered Bank Nairobi County. The research was guided by resource based view theory and relational contract theory. The research used the descriptive research approach. The target demographic was 14 Standard Chartered Bank branches in Nairobi County. The unit of observation was 294 procurement staff. Yamane 1967 formula was used to obtain a sample of 169 procurement staff sampled using stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used for data collection. A pilot was conducted with 10% of the sample hence 17 respondents. Questionnaires’’ validity was tested using content and construct validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS Version 28. The descriptive statistics include frequency, percentage and mean while inferential statistics include regression and Pearson correlations. Data was presented in tables. Findings show that; there is a moderate significant relationship between procurement planning and bank performance (r=0.385, p=0.000), and a strong significant relationship between procurement monitoring and bank performance (r=0.618, p=0.000). The recommendations are that; Thorough needs assessment should be undertaken, market capability analysis should be carried out, user departments should clearly specify when they require to utilize required goods and services. The management should employ professional trained procurement staff and continuously train the staff on emerging issues on public procurement practices. Keywords: Procurement management practices, procurement planning, procurement monitoring, bank performance, commercial banks.
HUMAN RESOURCE ANALYTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTFAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Human Resource Analytics (HRA) has become an important tool for enhancing workforce management through data-driven decision-making. Despite the critical role played by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Kenya's socio-economic development, many continue to experience challenges related to employee productivity, engagement, and workforce effectiveness. This study examined the influence of human resource analytics on employee performance among Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with specific focus on work efficiency analytics and training analytics. The study was anchored on Goal-Setting Theory and Human Capital Theory and adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 1,143 Human Resource Managers from NGOs operating in Nairobi City County, from which a sample of 296 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 28. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to test the study hypotheses. The findings revealed that human resource analytics had a positive and statistically significant influence on employee performance. Specifically, work efficiency analytics and training analytics were found to significantly enhance employee performance, with work efficiency analytics emerging as the strongest predictor. The study further established that the explanatory variables jointly accounted for 70.9% of the variation in employee performance (R² = 0.709). The study concludes that the adoption of analytics-driven approaches in performance monitoring, employee development, and workforce management significantly improves employee performance within NGOs. The study recommends increased investment in performance analytics systems, data-driven training evaluation, workforce planning frameworks, and continuous employee feedback mechanisms to enhance organizational effectiveness and sustainable workforce performance. Keywords: Human Resource Analytics, Work Efficiency Analytics, Training Analytics, Employee Performance, Non-Governmental Organizations, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM PRACTISES AND PERFORMANCE OF SMES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY’S TRADE SECTOR, KENYA
Entrepreneurial ecosystem support practices are interactions among institutions, infrastructure, policies, and support systems that collectively create an environment conducive for entrepreneurial development and business growth. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in promoting economic growth, employment creation, and social well-being. However, performance of SMEs in Kenya continues to face challenges associated with inadequate infrastructure and unfavorable policy environments. This study examined the effect of infrastructure support practices and policy support practices on performance of SMEs in Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector, Kenya. The study was guided by Infrastructure-Led Growth Theory and Institutional Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 11,253 SMEs operating within Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector, with business managers serving as the unit of observation. Using Yamane’s (1967) formula, a sample size of 386 SMEs was obtained through stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 39 business managers was conducted to test validity and reliability of the research instrument. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that infrastructure support practices had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with performance of SMEs (r = 0.543, p = 0.000), while policy support practices had the strongest positive and statistically significant relationship with performance of SMEs (r = 0.828, p = 0.000). Regression findings further established that both variables significantly predicted performance of SMEs in Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector. The study concludes that infrastructure support practices and policy support practices significantly influence performance of SMEs. The study recommends improvement of transport systems, electricity supply, water supply, and digital infrastructure within business zones. The study further recommends implementation of supportive regulatory and policy reforms aimed at simplifying licensing procedures, improving tax fairness, and enhancing access to SME support programs. Key Words: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Practices, Infrastructure Support Practices, Policy Support Practices, Performance of SMEs, Nairobi City County, Kenya
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TVET PROGRAMS AND YOUTH PERFORMANCE IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAIROBI, KENYA
The Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs in the County Government of Nairobi play an important role in equipping youth with skills to meet labor market demands and drive socio-economic development. Despite its potential, youth performance in TVET institutions faces challenges linked to project selection and partnership development. This study explored the influence of strategic factors on youth performance in TVET institutions in the County Government of Nairobi, with a focus on project selection and partnership development. The study targeted a population of 142 individuals, including educators, administrators and policymakers within TVET institutions and affiliated stakeholders. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 104 respondents was determined. Data was collected through structured questionnaires designed to capture both qualitative and quantitative insights. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 25.0. The results assisted policymakers, TVET administrators and development partners in implementing evidence-based strategies to align TVET programs with labor market demands, improving employability and sustainable development in the County Government of Nairobi, Kenya. The study findings revealed that project selection and partnership development significantly influence youth performance in TVET institutions within Nairobi County. Regarding project selection, 88.6% of respondents emphasized that feasibility analysis is critical for guaranteeing initiatives are realistic, while 87.5% highlighted the importance of impact assessments for long-term youth outcomes. Partnership development recorded comparatively lower implementation levels due to challenges in resource sharing and formalizing binding commitments. However, respondents acknowledged that effective partnerships directly increase opportunities for youth development and improve industry linkages. The regression model was statistically significant (F = 52.209, p < 0.05), with project selection and partnership development positively influencing youth performance outcomes. The study concludes that although TVET institutions have established planning mechanisms, gaps still exist in the execution of partnership agreements and sustainability initiatives. Therefore, the study recommends the institutionalization of binding resource-sharing agreements and the strengthening of industry partnerships to bridge the gap between training and labor market demands. Furthermore, the establishment of integrated career transition and placement programs is recommended to enhance employability and practical skills acquisition among youth. Key Words: Stakeholder Engagement Practices, TVET programs, Youth Performance, Project Selection, Collaborative Planning, County Government
ICT ADOPTION AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
Public healthcare institutions are critical in promoting national development and improving the well-being of citizens by providing essential healthcare services. Despite ongoing government efforts to improve healthcare access and quality, public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, Kenya, continue to experience challenges that hinder effective service delivery. This study sought to determine the influence of ICT adoption on service delivery in public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, with specific focus on computerization and capacity building. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and was conducted across 16 public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, comprising one Level 5 hospital, four Level 4 hospitals, and eleven Level 3 hospitals. The target population consisted of 128 respondents, including ICT staff, operations staff, users of information systems, and patients from each healthcare facility. Cluster sampling was used to group healthcare facilities according to their levels, while purposive sampling was applied to select facilities relevant to the study objectives. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and a pilot study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Collected quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 through descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations, as well as inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis. Findings indicated that computerization significantly improved service delivery through enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of healthcare information systems. Capacity building was also found to positively influence service delivery by improving staff skills, system usage, and operational effectiveness. The study concluded that ICT adoption plays a significant role in enhancing service delivery in public healthcare institutions and recommended strengthening computerized health systems through improved digital infrastructure, continuous staff training, and reliable technical support. Key Words: ICT adoption, computerization, capacity building, service delivery, public healthcare institutions, Kajiado County, Kenya
SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PROJECTS IN IMENTI NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Women empowerment is essential for achieving gender equality, advancing women’s rights, enhancing productivity, and promoting economic diversification, among other positive development outcomes. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of Socioeconomic determinants on the performance of women empowerment projects in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of educational level, social support systems on the performance of women empowerment projects in Imenti North Sub-County. The study was guided by human capital theory, and social capital theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design, targeting 20 women groups in Imenti North Sub-County. The study targeted a population of 120 executive members and 60 project liaison officers from women groups in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya, totaling 180 respondents, with a census approach due to the manageable population size. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Instrument validity and reliability were confirmed through a pilot test, with all constructs achieving acceptable reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis analyzed using SPSS Version 28. The study achieved a 93.3% response rate (n = 168). Regression results indicated that the socioeconomic determinants jointly explained 74% of the variation in project performance (R² = 0.740, F = 116.156, p < 0.05). educational level (β = 0.278), and social support systems (β = 0.311) had significant positive effects on performance. The findings suggest that while empowerment projects generate moderate financial outcomes, their strongest impact is reflected in enhanced social capital, leadership capacity, and collective agency among women. The study recommends strengthening inclusive financial mechanisms, expanding capacity-building initiatives, institutionalizing support networks, and implementing culturally responsive strategies to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of women empowerment projects. Key Words: Socioeconomic Determinants, Educational Level, Social Support Systems, Performance, Women Empowerment Projects, Imenti North Sub-County
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in supporting socio-economic development and the delivery of essential services in Kenya, particularly in the health sector. Despite the substantial contributions made by NGOs to Kenya’s development, many organizations continue to experience performance challenges that affect the success of their programs and projects. The general objective of this study was to examine the effect of strategic orientation on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on determining the effect of stakeholder orientation on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya and assessing the effect of technology orientation on performance of non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. This study was guided by Stakeholder Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The descriptive research design was employed. In this study, the target population comprises health non-governmental organizations operating in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Management employees in health sector NGOs in Nairobi City County were targeted. The unit of analysis was all (31) NGOs in the health sector in Nairobi City County. The unit of observation was management level employees. The total target population for this study therefore comprised of 341 employees at different managerial levels currently working with the thirty one health sector NGOs. The sample size was determined using the formula suggested by Yamane (1967). Therefore, a sample size of 184 respondents participated in the study. Data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted to determine validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the field was coded, cleaned, and entered into the computer for analysis using the SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistical included frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical analysis used was multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis. The study concludes that stakeholder orientation has a positive and significant influence on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study also concludes that technology orientation has a positive and significant influence on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that health non-governmental organizations in Kenya should enhance technology orientation through increased adoption of modern digital systems, data management tools, and communication technologies that improve operational efficiency and service delivery. Investing in technological infrastructure, staff digital skills, and online platforms for monitoring, reporting, and stakeholder engagement can strengthen organizational responsiveness and decision-making processes. Key Words: Strategic Orientation, Stakeholder Orientation, Technology Orientation, Performance, Health Non-Governmental Organizations, Nairobi City County
CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTISES AND PERFORMANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES IN KENYA.
In the current modern world, external business environment changes every day and as such business practices need to be modified accordingly in order to remain competitive. The dynamic nature of the business environment necessitates the implementation of change management practices across various industries. This study sought to evaluate the impact of these change management practices on the performance of the telecommunications industry in Kenya. To achieve this, the study specifically sought to determine the influence of; communication and employee involvement on performance of telecommunication industry in Kenya. The study reviewed previous studies done to support the research objectives from which the research gaps were extracted. Several theories were used to lay more weight on the study variables. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population included the five telecommunications companies headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya: Safaricom PLC, Airtel, Telkom Kenya, Finserve, and Jamii (JTL). Primary data collection was done using structured questionnaires from the selected sample size of 370 respondents. The researcher obtained a research letter from NACOSTI showing approval to conduct research. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the collected data with the aid of SPSS software. Regression analysis was conducted as part of the inferential statistics to evaluate the relationship between change management aspects and the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The overall model summary indicated a great degree of variation implying that the study variables; communication and employee involvement accounted for a great influence on performance. The study found out that communication and employee involvement have significant influence on the performance of telecom companies in Kenya. The study recommends the need to improve change management practices through employee involvement and participation to minimize resistance, provide clear guidelines on resource management (financial, technological, and human resources) to ensure equitable distribution and alignment with strategic priorities and also prioritize upgrading and expanding their digital infrastructure, including fibre optic networks, 5G connectivity, and cloud-based systems. The study suggests that the future studies could explore how organizational culture moderates the relationship between change management practices and performance. The research findings offer actionable knowledge for managers and policymakers by identifying specific areas that enhance performance, such as leadership support in transparent communication, and fostering employee involvement. Key Words: Change Management Practices, Performance, Communication, Employee Involvement, Telecommunications Industry in Kenya
PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES AND PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL HUB PROGRAMMES IN SELECTED COUNTIES IN KENYA
Digital infrastructure projects play a critical role in enhancing digital access and supporting socio-economic development. However, many such projects, particularly government-led initiatives such as Digital Hub Programmes, continue to experience poor performance outcomes, including cost overruns, implementation delays, scope creep, underutilization, and failure to achieve intended objectives. These challenges are widely associated with weaknesses in project scope management processes. Despite the centrality of scope management to project success, there remains limited empirical evidence that systematically examines how its core components, scope definition and scope control, affect the performance of Digital Hub Programmes at the county level in Kenya. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of project scope management processes on the performance of Digital Hub Programmes in selected counties in Kenya, namely Nairobi, Uasin Gishu, Kisumu, and Kiambu. The study focused on key scope management variables: scope definition and scope control, and examines their relationship with programme performance measured in terms of time, cost, and quality. The study was anchored on Goal-Setting Theory and Control Theory, which collectively explain how clear objectives, structured task decomposition, and effective monitoring mechanisms contribute to improved project outcomes. An explanatory research design was adopted to establish the relationships between the study variables. The unit of analysis was Digital Hub Programmes implemented within the four selected counties, while the unit of observation comprised project-level personnel directly involved in programme implementation. A census approach was employed at the programme level, covering 42 Digital Hub Programmes, with three respondents per programme (project manager, M&E/ICT officer, and technical officer), resulting in a total of 126 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. A pilot study involving approximately 10% of the sample (13 respondents) was conducted in Nakuru County. Findings showed that; there is a strong significant correlation between scope definition and performance of Digital Hub Programmes (r = 0.573, p = 0.000), a strong significant correlation between scope control and performance of Digital Hub Programmes (r = 0.820, p = 0.000). The recommendations are; project managers should institutionalize a strong and participatory scope definition process during the initiation of each Digital Hub Program, and develop and strictly implement a formal scope change control process. Key Words: Project Scope Management Processes, Performance, Digital Hub Programmes, Scope Definition, Scope Control
STRATEGIC AGILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF LISTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN KENYA
Rapid changes increase the volatility of the business environment and require flexible and creative strategies. Nowadays, firms face great environmental turbulence due to ever-evolving competition, changing technology, fluctuating demand, disruption to the supply chain caused by human-made or natural disasters, and so on. High levels of environmental turbulence can paralyze a firm’s operations. This research study, therefore, intended to establish the influence of strategic agility on the performance of listed manufacturing and allied companies in Kenya. It was guided by the subsequent definite objectives: to assess the influence of leadership agility and learning agility on the performance of listed manufacturing and allied companies in Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The target population for this study was the management staff of all nine (9) listed manufacturing allied industry firms at the NSE, who are charged with the formulation and implementation of strategies. A sample size of 187 managers was drawn from the target population. The study optimized the use of primary data. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The questionnaires were administered through a drop-and-pick method. Qualitative analysis was done on the information collected from the results of the questionnaires. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistical techniques. Descriptive statistics complemented the use of frequencies, means, and percentages that were summarized and presented using tables, graphs, and charts. The data was analyzed with the aid of a linear regression model. The study distributed 187 questionnaires, with 150 questionnaires being returned correctly filled. After analysis, the study found that leadership agility and learning agility have a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. The coefficient of determination of the dependent variable, organizational performance, is influenced by the corresponding independent variables, including leadership agility, and Learning Agility. The overall regression was significant, and hence the model was acceptable. The study recommended that companies should formulate and implement strategies that enable the organization to continuously adjust to the changing customer demand and competitive environment. Other studies should be conducted to explore the moderating factors that might be influencing the relationship between strategic agility and the performance of organizations. Key Words: Strategic Agility, Leadership Agility, Learning Agility, Performance, Listed Manufacturing and Allied Companies, Kenya
Listed Manufacturing and Allied Companies