International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences
The International Journal of Innovation, Enterprise, and Social Sciences (IJIESS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication of Scholar Nest Publishers. The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for advancing research at the intersection of business, innovation, entrepreneurship, and the social sciences, with a strong focus on practical solutions to real-world challenges. Its scope covers Innovation and Technology (innovation management, digital transformation, sustainable innovation), Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (SMEs, startups, governance, strategic management), Social Sciences (leadership, organizational behavior, social enterprises, development studies), and Cross-disciplinary Studies (innovation in education, health, policy, and socio-economic impacts). SUBMIT YOUR PAPER
FIRM SPECIFIC FACTORS AND FINANCIAL DISTRESS OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVING AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA
Financial distress remains a major concern among Deposit-Taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (DT-SACCOs) in Kenya, threatening their financial stability and sustainability. This study examined the influence of asset tangibility and asset quality on the financial distress of DT-SACCOs in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Trade-Off Theory and the Wrecker Theory of Financial Distress. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting all 176 DT-SACCOs licensed by the Sacco Societies Regulatory Authority (SASRA) as at 31st December 2024. A census approach was employed, and secondary data were collected from audited financial statements covering the period 2015 to 2024. Financial distress was measured using the Altman Z-Score model, while asset tangibility was measured using the tangibility ratio and asset quality using the ratio of non-performing loans to gross loans. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with the aid of STATA software. The findings revealed that asset tangibility had a negative and statistically significant effect on financial distress (β = -424.456, p < 0.001), indicating that DT-SACCOs with higher levels of tangible assets experience lower levels of financial distress. The study further established that asset quality had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial distress (β = 324.480, p < 0.001), implying that deterioration in asset quality, reflected through increased non-performing loans, increases the likelihood of financial distress. The model explained 55.1% of the variation in financial distress (R² = 0.551) and was statistically significant (F = 78.245, p < 0.001). The study concludes that asset tangibility and asset quality are critical determinants of financial distress among DT-SACCOs in Kenya. The study recommends that SACCOs strengthen asset management practices and enhance credit risk management systems to minimize non-performing loans and improve financial stability. Keywords: Asset Tangibility, Asset Quality, Financial Distress, Deposit-Taking SACCOs, Altman Z-Score, Non-Performing Loans, Kenya.
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PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD CHARTERED BANK NAIROBI COUNTY
Procurement practices can be described as activities which involve procurement planning, procurement controls, procurement monitoring and training workforce. Procurement management is used in many organizations to realize the greatest amount of benefit to the company while still effectively managing the costs associated with the acquisition of raw materials and operational components. The overall goal of this research was to examine the effect of procurement management practices on performance of Standard Chartered Bank Nairobi County. Specific objectives were to examine effect of procurement planning, monitoring on performance of Standard Chartered Bank Nairobi County. The research was guided by resource based view theory and relational contract theory. The research used the descriptive research approach. The target demographic was 14 Standard Chartered Bank branches in Nairobi County. The unit of observation was 294 procurement staff. Yamane 1967 formula was used to obtain a sample of 169 procurement staff sampled using stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used for data collection. A pilot was conducted with 10% of the sample hence 17 respondents. Questionnaires’’ validity was tested using content and construct validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS Version 28. The descriptive statistics include frequency, percentage and mean while inferential statistics include regression and Pearson correlations. Data was presented in tables. Findings show that; there is a moderate significant relationship between procurement planning and bank performance (r=0.385, p=0.000), and a strong significant relationship between procurement monitoring and bank performance (r=0.618, p=0.000). The recommendations are that; Thorough needs assessment should be undertaken, market capability analysis should be carried out, user departments should clearly specify when they require to utilize required goods and services. The management should employ professional trained procurement staff and continuously train the staff on emerging issues on public procurement practices. Keywords: Procurement management practices, procurement planning, procurement monitoring, bank performance, commercial banks.
HUMAN RESOURCE ANALYTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTFAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Human Resource Analytics (HRA) has become an important tool for enhancing workforce management through data-driven decision-making. Despite the critical role played by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Kenya's socio-economic development, many continue to experience challenges related to employee productivity, engagement, and workforce effectiveness. This study examined the influence of human resource analytics on employee performance among Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with specific focus on work efficiency analytics and training analytics. The study was anchored on Goal-Setting Theory and Human Capital Theory and adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 1,143 Human Resource Managers from NGOs operating in Nairobi City County, from which a sample of 296 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 28. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to test the study hypotheses. The findings revealed that human resource analytics had a positive and statistically significant influence on employee performance. Specifically, work efficiency analytics and training analytics were found to significantly enhance employee performance, with work efficiency analytics emerging as the strongest predictor. The study further established that the explanatory variables jointly accounted for 70.9% of the variation in employee performance (R² = 0.709). The study concludes that the adoption of analytics-driven approaches in performance monitoring, employee development, and workforce management significantly improves employee performance within NGOs. The study recommends increased investment in performance analytics systems, data-driven training evaluation, workforce planning frameworks, and continuous employee feedback mechanisms to enhance organizational effectiveness and sustainable workforce performance. Keywords: Human Resource Analytics, Work Efficiency Analytics, Training Analytics, Employee Performance, Non-Governmental Organizations, Nairobi City County, Kenya.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM PRACTISES AND PERFORMANCE OF SMES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY’S TRADE SECTOR, KENYA
Entrepreneurial ecosystem support practices are interactions among institutions, infrastructure, policies, and support systems that collectively create an environment conducive for entrepreneurial development and business growth. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in promoting economic growth, employment creation, and social well-being. However, performance of SMEs in Kenya continues to face challenges associated with inadequate infrastructure and unfavorable policy environments. This study examined the effect of infrastructure support practices and policy support practices on performance of SMEs in Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector, Kenya. The study was guided by Infrastructure-Led Growth Theory and Institutional Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 11,253 SMEs operating within Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector, with business managers serving as the unit of observation. Using Yamane’s (1967) formula, a sample size of 386 SMEs was obtained through stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. A pilot study involving 39 business managers was conducted to test validity and reliability of the research instrument. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that infrastructure support practices had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with performance of SMEs (r = 0.543, p = 0.000), while policy support practices had the strongest positive and statistically significant relationship with performance of SMEs (r = 0.828, p = 0.000). Regression findings further established that both variables significantly predicted performance of SMEs in Nairobi City County’s wholesale and retail trade sector. The study concludes that infrastructure support practices and policy support practices significantly influence performance of SMEs. The study recommends improvement of transport systems, electricity supply, water supply, and digital infrastructure within business zones. The study further recommends implementation of supportive regulatory and policy reforms aimed at simplifying licensing procedures, improving tax fairness, and enhancing access to SME support programs. Key Words: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Practices, Infrastructure Support Practices, Policy Support Practices, Performance of SMEs, Nairobi City County, Kenya
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TVET PROGRAMS AND YOUTH PERFORMANCE IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAIROBI, KENYA
The Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs in the County Government of Nairobi play an important role in equipping youth with skills to meet labor market demands and drive socio-economic development. Despite its potential, youth performance in TVET institutions faces challenges linked to project selection and partnership development. This study explored the influence of strategic factors on youth performance in TVET institutions in the County Government of Nairobi, with a focus on project selection and partnership development. The study targeted a population of 142 individuals, including educators, administrators and policymakers within TVET institutions and affiliated stakeholders. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 104 respondents was determined. Data was collected through structured questionnaires designed to capture both qualitative and quantitative insights. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 25.0. The results assisted policymakers, TVET administrators and development partners in implementing evidence-based strategies to align TVET programs with labor market demands, improving employability and sustainable development in the County Government of Nairobi, Kenya. The study findings revealed that project selection and partnership development significantly influence youth performance in TVET institutions within Nairobi County. Regarding project selection, 88.6% of respondents emphasized that feasibility analysis is critical for guaranteeing initiatives are realistic, while 87.5% highlighted the importance of impact assessments for long-term youth outcomes. Partnership development recorded comparatively lower implementation levels due to challenges in resource sharing and formalizing binding commitments. However, respondents acknowledged that effective partnerships directly increase opportunities for youth development and improve industry linkages. The regression model was statistically significant (F = 52.209, p < 0.05), with project selection and partnership development positively influencing youth performance outcomes. The study concludes that although TVET institutions have established planning mechanisms, gaps still exist in the execution of partnership agreements and sustainability initiatives. Therefore, the study recommends the institutionalization of binding resource-sharing agreements and the strengthening of industry partnerships to bridge the gap between training and labor market demands. Furthermore, the establishment of integrated career transition and placement programs is recommended to enhance employability and practical skills acquisition among youth. Key Words: Stakeholder Engagement Practices, TVET programs, Youth Performance, Project Selection, Collaborative Planning, County Government
ICT ADOPTION AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
Public healthcare institutions are critical in promoting national development and improving the well-being of citizens by providing essential healthcare services. Despite ongoing government efforts to improve healthcare access and quality, public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, Kenya, continue to experience challenges that hinder effective service delivery. This study sought to determine the influence of ICT adoption on service delivery in public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, with specific focus on computerization and capacity building. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and was conducted across 16 public healthcare institutions in Kajiado County, comprising one Level 5 hospital, four Level 4 hospitals, and eleven Level 3 hospitals. The target population consisted of 128 respondents, including ICT staff, operations staff, users of information systems, and patients from each healthcare facility. Cluster sampling was used to group healthcare facilities according to their levels, while purposive sampling was applied to select facilities relevant to the study objectives. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and a pilot study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Collected quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 through descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations, as well as inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis. Findings indicated that computerization significantly improved service delivery through enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of healthcare information systems. Capacity building was also found to positively influence service delivery by improving staff skills, system usage, and operational effectiveness. The study concluded that ICT adoption plays a significant role in enhancing service delivery in public healthcare institutions and recommended strengthening computerized health systems through improved digital infrastructure, continuous staff training, and reliable technical support. Key Words: ICT adoption, computerization, capacity building, service delivery, public healthcare institutions, Kajiado County, Kenya
SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PROJECTS IN IMENTI NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Women empowerment is essential for achieving gender equality, advancing women’s rights, enhancing productivity, and promoting economic diversification, among other positive development outcomes. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of Socioeconomic determinants on the performance of women empowerment projects in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effects of educational level, social support systems on the performance of women empowerment projects in Imenti North Sub-County. The study was guided by human capital theory, and social capital theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design, targeting 20 women groups in Imenti North Sub-County. The study targeted a population of 120 executive members and 60 project liaison officers from women groups in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya, totaling 180 respondents, with a census approach due to the manageable population size. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Instrument validity and reliability were confirmed through a pilot test, with all constructs achieving acceptable reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis analyzed using SPSS Version 28. The study achieved a 93.3% response rate (n = 168). Regression results indicated that the socioeconomic determinants jointly explained 74% of the variation in project performance (R² = 0.740, F = 116.156, p < 0.05). educational level (β = 0.278), and social support systems (β = 0.311) had significant positive effects on performance. The findings suggest that while empowerment projects generate moderate financial outcomes, their strongest impact is reflected in enhanced social capital, leadership capacity, and collective agency among women. The study recommends strengthening inclusive financial mechanisms, expanding capacity-building initiatives, institutionalizing support networks, and implementing culturally responsive strategies to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of women empowerment projects. Key Words: Socioeconomic Determinants, Educational Level, Social Support Systems, Performance, Women Empowerment Projects, Imenti North Sub-County
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in supporting socio-economic development and the delivery of essential services in Kenya, particularly in the health sector. Despite the substantial contributions made by NGOs to Kenya’s development, many organizations continue to experience performance challenges that affect the success of their programs and projects. The general objective of this study was to examine the effect of strategic orientation on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on determining the effect of stakeholder orientation on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya and assessing the effect of technology orientation on performance of non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. This study was guided by Stakeholder Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The descriptive research design was employed. In this study, the target population comprises health non-governmental organizations operating in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Management employees in health sector NGOs in Nairobi City County were targeted. The unit of analysis was all (31) NGOs in the health sector in Nairobi City County. The unit of observation was management level employees. The total target population for this study therefore comprised of 341 employees at different managerial levels currently working with the thirty one health sector NGOs. The sample size was determined using the formula suggested by Yamane (1967). Therefore, a sample size of 184 respondents participated in the study. Data was collected using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted to determine validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the field was coded, cleaned, and entered into the computer for analysis using the SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistical included frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical analysis used was multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis. The study concludes that stakeholder orientation has a positive and significant influence on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study also concludes that technology orientation has a positive and significant influence on performance of health non-governmental organizations in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that health non-governmental organizations in Kenya should enhance technology orientation through increased adoption of modern digital systems, data management tools, and communication technologies that improve operational efficiency and service delivery. Investing in technological infrastructure, staff digital skills, and online platforms for monitoring, reporting, and stakeholder engagement can strengthen organizational responsiveness and decision-making processes. Key Words: Strategic Orientation, Stakeholder Orientation, Technology Orientation, Performance, Health Non-Governmental Organizations, Nairobi City County
CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTISES AND PERFORMANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES IN KENYA.
In the current modern world, external business environment changes every day and as such business practices need to be modified accordingly in order to remain competitive. The dynamic nature of the business environment necessitates the implementation of change management practices across various industries. This study sought to evaluate the impact of these change management practices on the performance of the telecommunications industry in Kenya. To achieve this, the study specifically sought to determine the influence of; communication and employee involvement on performance of telecommunication industry in Kenya. The study reviewed previous studies done to support the research objectives from which the research gaps were extracted. Several theories were used to lay more weight on the study variables. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population included the five telecommunications companies headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya: Safaricom PLC, Airtel, Telkom Kenya, Finserve, and Jamii (JTL). Primary data collection was done using structured questionnaires from the selected sample size of 370 respondents. The researcher obtained a research letter from NACOSTI showing approval to conduct research. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the collected data with the aid of SPSS software. Regression analysis was conducted as part of the inferential statistics to evaluate the relationship between change management aspects and the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The overall model summary indicated a great degree of variation implying that the study variables; communication and employee involvement accounted for a great influence on performance. The study found out that communication and employee involvement have significant influence on the performance of telecom companies in Kenya. The study recommends the need to improve change management practices through employee involvement and participation to minimize resistance, provide clear guidelines on resource management (financial, technological, and human resources) to ensure equitable distribution and alignment with strategic priorities and also prioritize upgrading and expanding their digital infrastructure, including fibre optic networks, 5G connectivity, and cloud-based systems. The study suggests that the future studies could explore how organizational culture moderates the relationship between change management practices and performance. The research findings offer actionable knowledge for managers and policymakers by identifying specific areas that enhance performance, such as leadership support in transparent communication, and fostering employee involvement. Key Words: Change Management Practices, Performance, Communication, Employee Involvement, Telecommunications Industry in Kenya
PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES AND PERFORMANCE OF DIGITAL HUB PROGRAMMES IN SELECTED COUNTIES IN KENYA
Digital infrastructure projects play a critical role in enhancing digital access and supporting socio-economic development. However, many such projects, particularly government-led initiatives such as Digital Hub Programmes, continue to experience poor performance outcomes, including cost overruns, implementation delays, scope creep, underutilization, and failure to achieve intended objectives. These challenges are widely associated with weaknesses in project scope management processes. Despite the centrality of scope management to project success, there remains limited empirical evidence that systematically examines how its core components, scope definition and scope control, affect the performance of Digital Hub Programmes at the county level in Kenya. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of project scope management processes on the performance of Digital Hub Programmes in selected counties in Kenya, namely Nairobi, Uasin Gishu, Kisumu, and Kiambu. The study focused on key scope management variables: scope definition and scope control, and examines their relationship with programme performance measured in terms of time, cost, and quality. The study was anchored on Goal-Setting Theory and Control Theory, which collectively explain how clear objectives, structured task decomposition, and effective monitoring mechanisms contribute to improved project outcomes. An explanatory research design was adopted to establish the relationships between the study variables. The unit of analysis was Digital Hub Programmes implemented within the four selected counties, while the unit of observation comprised project-level personnel directly involved in programme implementation. A census approach was employed at the programme level, covering 42 Digital Hub Programmes, with three respondents per programme (project manager, M&E/ICT officer, and technical officer), resulting in a total of 126 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. A pilot study involving approximately 10% of the sample (13 respondents) was conducted in Nakuru County. Findings showed that; there is a strong significant correlation between scope definition and performance of Digital Hub Programmes (r = 0.573, p = 0.000), a strong significant correlation between scope control and performance of Digital Hub Programmes (r = 0.820, p = 0.000). The recommendations are; project managers should institutionalize a strong and participatory scope definition process during the initiation of each Digital Hub Program, and develop and strictly implement a formal scope change control process. Key Words: Project Scope Management Processes, Performance, Digital Hub Programmes, Scope Definition, Scope Control
STRATEGIC AGILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF LISTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN KENYA
Rapid changes increase the volatility of the business environment and require flexible and creative strategies. Nowadays, firms face great environmental turbulence due to ever-evolving competition, changing technology, fluctuating demand, disruption to the supply chain caused by human-made or natural disasters, and so on. High levels of environmental turbulence can paralyze a firm’s operations. This research study, therefore, intended to establish the influence of strategic agility on the performance of listed manufacturing and allied companies in Kenya. It was guided by the subsequent definite objectives: to assess the influence of leadership agility and learning agility on the performance of listed manufacturing and allied companies in Kenya. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The target population for this study was the management staff of all nine (9) listed manufacturing allied industry firms at the NSE, who are charged with the formulation and implementation of strategies. A sample size of 187 managers was drawn from the target population. The study optimized the use of primary data. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The questionnaires were administered through a drop-and-pick method. Qualitative analysis was done on the information collected from the results of the questionnaires. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistical techniques. Descriptive statistics complemented the use of frequencies, means, and percentages that were summarized and presented using tables, graphs, and charts. The data was analyzed with the aid of a linear regression model. The study distributed 187 questionnaires, with 150 questionnaires being returned correctly filled. After analysis, the study found that leadership agility and learning agility have a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. The coefficient of determination of the dependent variable, organizational performance, is influenced by the corresponding independent variables, including leadership agility, and Learning Agility. The overall regression was significant, and hence the model was acceptable. The study recommended that companies should formulate and implement strategies that enable the organization to continuously adjust to the changing customer demand and competitive environment. Other studies should be conducted to explore the moderating factors that might be influencing the relationship between strategic agility and the performance of organizations. Key Words: Strategic Agility, Leadership Agility, Learning Agility, Performance, Listed Manufacturing and Allied Companies, Kenya
Listed Manufacturing and Allied Companies
REVENUE STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL PARASTATALS IN KENYA
Commercial parastatals in Kenya play a pivotal role in advancing socioeconomic development by providing essential services such as energy, water, and transportation. Despite this mandate, many parastatals continue to grapple with persistent inefficiencies. The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of revenue structure on the operational efficiency of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of service fees, and investment revenues on the operational efficiency of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study was guided by cost recovery and firm theory. The study utilized the longitudinal research design that involved repeated observations of the same variables over an extended period. The population of commercial parastatals in Kenya was 43 as of December 2024, and thus, a census study was conducted. Secondary data for the period between 2020 and 2024 was utilized to collect financial information from KNBS, Kenya National Auditors Reports, and the GOK website. Data were gathered from secondary sources with the aid of a secondary data collection sheet and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistical tools included frequencies, percentages, means, variances, and standard deviations. Inferential statistical tools included Pearson’s product-moment correlation and panel regression analysis. A diagnostic test was conducted to test the assumptions of the regression model and panel regression for inferential analysis. Panel regression results indicated that revenue structure has a significant positive effect on the operational efficiency of commercial parastatals in Kenya. Specifically, service fee reported a positive and significant effect (β = 0.2318, p = 0.0000), investment revenue recorded a positive and significant effect (β = 0.1893, p = 0.0000) on the operational efficiency of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study recommended policymakers should introduce performance-based funding frameworks to ensure that government financial support encourages operational efficiency and accountability. Furthermore, clear investment governance guidelines should be established to ensure that investment activities contribute to institutional sustainability and operational improvement. Key Words: Revenue Structure, Operational Efficiency, Commercial Parastatals in Kenya, Service Fees, Investment Revenues
CREDIT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES AND ASSET QUALITY OF DEPOSIT TAKING MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA
Deposit-taking microfinance institutions have maintained a pivotal role within Kenya’s financial sector by facilitating access to financial services, encouraging savings mobilization, and contributing to wealth generation. Considering the sector's significance in driving economic growth, substantial attention has been directed towards understanding the quality of their assets. This study aimed to explore how collateral evaluation and debt service coverage influence the asset quality of deposit-taking microfinance institutions in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the impact of collateral assessment and debt service coverage on asset quality. The research was grounded in the Lender-Based Theory of Collateralization and Credit Risk Theory. A panel technique and descriptive research design was used to determine the causal relationship between the variables in the study. The study utilized secondary data collected from annual reports covering the period from 2019 to 2023. The target population constituted the 12 Deposit Taking MFIs operating in Kenya. The census method was applied to select all the DT MFIs in Kenya for a period of five years beginning 2019 to 2023. Data analysis for this investigation was conducted utilizing descriptive and inferential statistical methodologies, encompassing techniques such as the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The study concluded that collateral evaluation (β = 0.055, p = 0.015) and debt service coverage (β = 0.132, p = 0.000) significantly and positively impacted asset quality of deposit taking microfinance institutions in Kenya. Based on the findings, it is recommended that deposit-taking microfinance institutions strengthen collateral valuation procedures and enhance debt service assessment frameworks to improve asset quality and reduce non-performing loans. Key Words: Collateral Evaluation, Debt Service Coverage, Asset Quality, Deposit-Taking Microfinance Institutions, Non-Performing Loans, Credit Appraisal Techniques, Kenya
Deposit-Taking Microfinance Institutions
INFLATION RATE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INVESTMENT FIRMS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA
Financial performance is a critical indicator of organizations’ overall profitability and health. Return on equity (ROE) is a crucial metric that reflects a firm’s operational efficiency and attractiveness to investors and is commonly used to assess performance across industries. Recent trends in Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE)-listed investment firms show a concerning decline in ROE, dropping from 10.3% in 2019 to 4.2% in 2022, before a slight recovery to 7.2% in 2023. If unaddressed, the declining ROE may discourage investment, reduce market liquidity, increase borrowing costs, and slow economic development. The study aimed to assess the effect of inflation rate on the financial performance of NSE-listed investment firms. The Quantity Theory of Money, guided the research. A descriptive research design was employed to analyze secondary data collected from reliable sources, including the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), NSE reports, company websites, and Capital Markets Authority (CMA) handbooks. The target population consisted of five NSE-listed investment firms: Olympia Capital Holdings Ltd, Centum Investments Co Ltd, Trans-Century Ltd, Kurwitu Ventures, and Home Afrika Ltd. Given the small number of firms, the study adopted a census approach, analyzing all five companies. Data was processed using Microsoft Excel to compute descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and measures of central tendency, providing insights into financial trends and macroeconomic influences. The findings indicated that inflation rate had a statistically significant relationship with financial performance, with the model explaining approximately 74.8% of the variation in ROE. The study concluded that inflation rate played a key role in influencing firm performance. The study recommended that investment firms should incorporate macroeconomic indicators into decision making, while policymakers were encouraged to maintain economic stability. The findings benefit investment firms by improving risk management strategies and operational efficiency. Policymakers and regulatory bodies gain insights into external economic factors affecting investment firms, enabling them to formulate policies that foster financial stability. Additionally, academics find value in this study as it expands the body of knowledge on macroeconomic influences on financial performance in emerging markets such as Kenya. Key Words: Inflation Rate, Financial Performance, Investment Firms, Nairobi Securities Exchange
FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS LISTED AT NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE (NSE), KENYA
Commercial banks play a critical role in the economic development of Kenya. As financial intermediaries, they mobilize savings from the public and channel these funds into productive investments, thereby supporting business growth and economic stability. However commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange often face difficulties in balancing their financial structure components, such as retained earnings, long-term debt, to enhance their financial performance. This study focused on evaluating the influence of financial structure on the financial performance of commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to evaluate the influence of retained earnings on financial performance of commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya, to analyze the influence of long-term debt on financial performance of commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya. The study is guided by Residual Theory of Dividends, and Trade-Off Theory. The study employs a explanatory research design. The target population consists of all 11 commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) as of December 2024 (NSE, 2024). The sampling frame includes the 11 listed commercial banks on the NSE. Financial data for these banks was sourced from their audited financial statements, ensuring accuracy and credibility. The study employed a census approach, including all 11 listed banks. Secondary data was collected using a structured data extraction sheet. Quantitative data was analyzed using panel regression analysis. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and percentages were summarize data patterns, while inferential statistics tested research questions. Findings were presented using tables, graphs, and charts for clarity and interpretability. The study concludes that retained earnings has a positive and significant effect on financial performance of commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. Further, the study concludes that long-term debt has a positive and significant effect on financial performance of commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. From the findings, the study recommends that the management of commercial banks in Kenya should pursue deliberate policies that strengthen and optimally structure their share capital by encouraging rights issues, bonus issues, and strategic equity injections that enhance capitalization without diluting shareholder value. Key Words: Financial structure, retained earnings, long-term debt, financial performance, return on assets, commercial banks, Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya.
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA
This study investigates the relationship between working capital management and the financial performance of 13 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Kenya over the period 2015 to 2024. Microfinance institutions are instrumental in advancing financial inclusion and poverty alleviation, serving approximately 45% of Kenya’s informal sector. Despite notable improvements in liquidity — rising from 38% in 2019 to 81% in 2022 — many MFIs have continued to record weak financial performance, with negative average Return on Assets (ROA) figures, including -6% in 2024. These trends, particularly among large MFIs with a dominant market share, raise concerns regarding institutional sustainability and their ability to support long-term development goals. The study focused on four core components of working capital management: liquidity management, and loan portfolio management to explore how they affect financial performance (measured in terms of ROA). A mixed research design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal (panel data) approaches, was employed. Secondary data was obtained from audited financial statements of the 13 selected MFIs over the ten-year period. The study variables were measured based various indicators. Liquidity management was assessed using the ratio of cash and cash equivalents to total assets. Loan portfolio management was evaluated using loan loss coverage ratio while financial performance was measured in terms of ROA. The data was analyzed based on descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) as well as inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis). Findings revealed a positive but insignificant relationship between liquidity management, with financial performance. However, there was a significant negative relationship between loan portfolio management and financial performance. The study concluded that liquidity management, has insignificant positive effect on financial performance, while loan portfolio management has a significant negative effect. The insignificant positive effect is attributed to poor liquidity management, while poor loan portfolio management is considered the cause of its significant negative effect. The study therefore provides several recommendations to streamline each of them towards enhancing performance including hiring qualified financial analysts and proficient credit management professionals among other measures. Key Words: Working Capital Management, Financial Performance, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), Liquidity Management, Loan Portfolio Management, Kenya
INNOVATION STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
The construction sector, comparable to other medium enterprises, confronts a volatile economic landscape due to the constantly evolving business climate. This study aimed to determine the impact of innovation strategies on the performance of construction enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was directed by the following specific objectives: to ascertain the impact of product innovation strategies on the performance of construction companies in Nairobi County, Kenya; and to ascertain the impact of technological innovation strategies on the performance of construction companies in Nairobi County, Kenya; The research was based on the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Porter's Theory of Competitive Advantage. The research employed a descriptive approach to assess the impact of innovation initiatives on the performance of construction firms in Nairobi County. The target population comprises 113 construction enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya, with three business unit managers from each firm serving as responders. The research employed convenience and purposive sampling methods to ascertain the sample size. Ten percent of the sample size will be allocated for the pilot study. The research employed a structured questionnaire to gather primary data, while SPSS was utilized for data analysis. The study was constrained by information bias from the respondent. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be employed to ascertain the correlations between the variables. The correlation coefficient assessed the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while regression analysis evaluated the strength of this relationship. Data was given as tables. The results indicated statistical evidence that innovation techniques positively influenced the performance of construction enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. The correlation study results indicated a strong positive relationship between innovation strategies and the organizational performance of construction enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. The regression analysis results indicated that innovation methods had a favorable and significant influence on the performance of construction enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Key Words: Innovation Strategies, Product Innovation Strategies, Technological Innovation Strategies, Performance, Construction Companies, Nairobi County, Kenya
SUPPLY CHAIN FLEXIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF FOOD & BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County has declined over the past three years despite government efforts to stimulate industrial growth through tax incentives, policy reforms, and infrastructural investments aimed at improving the ease of doing business. This study examined the relationship between supply chain flexibility and the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya, with specific focus on supplier flexibility and distribution flexibility. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 476 management staff drawn from 119 food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County. The unit of analysis was the firms, while the unit of observation included supply chain management personnel, namely heads of procurement administration, supply chain managers, warehouse managers, and production managers. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 217 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. Data analysis involved both descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between supplier flexibility, distribution flexibility, and firm performance. Firms that maintain multiple alternative suppliers and can easily switch suppliers during disruptions tend to experience improved operational efficiency and profit growth. In addition, distribution flexibility, including adaptable transport arrangements and flexible delivery schedules, enhances responsiveness to market demands and improves service delivery. The study concludes that supply chain flexibility plays a critical role in enhancing the performance of food and beverage manufacturing firms. The study recommends that manufacturing firms strengthen supplier collaboration and invest in flexible distribution systems supported by digital technologies to improve supply chain responsiveness and overall organizational performance. Key Words: Supply Chain Flexibility, Supplier Flexibility, Distribution Flexibility, Firm Performance, Nairobi City County.
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF DISTRIBUTION FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Recent changes in business dynamics necessitate organizations to recognize the importance of strategically re-looking at their business processes. This has seen entrepreneurs and managers constantly coming up with effective management practices aimed at minimizing operational costs and at the same time boosting returns on their investments. Understanding this is very important in growing organizations as every part of the supply chain is essential for the profitability of the entire organization. The main purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of logistics management practices and Operational Performance of Distribution Firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the contribution of information flow on the Operational Performance of Distribution Firms in Nairobi County, and finally to establish the contribution of material handling and Operational Performance of Distribution Firms in Nairobi County. The metrics for measuring the organization’s Operational Performance was: Order-to-delivery lead time, Quality & Customer Satisfaction, and Flexibility & Responsiveness This study adopts the descriptive research design to obtain information about the study topic. The study’s population comprises employees in the management, Procurement, Marketing, Warehouse, Distribution, Human Resources, and Transport logistics departments involved with logistics management practices and was selected using a stratified random sampling approach. The data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Data analysis was done using multiple regression analysis to establish the relationship between the variables. Key Words: Logistics Management Practices, Information Flow, Material Handling, Operational Performance, Distribution Firms, Nairobi County, Kenya
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PROJECT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF URBAN FOOD SECURITY PROJECTS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Project resource management is one of the most critical factors in project management because project budget is one of the key metrics of project performance. Food security is a critical concern in Kenya hence the need to develop projects that will enhance food security in the country. Nairobi County has implemented several initiatives to enhance urban food security but objective of the food security initiatives is yet to be fully realized. The general objective of the study was to establish the effect of project resource management on performance of urban food security projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of resource utilization and resource forecasting on performance of urban food security projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by theory of constraints, and management competency theory. The study adopted descriptive research. The unit of observation was 10 urban food security projects in Nairobi County. The unit of observation was 10 project managers, 10 project supervisors, and 100 project implementation team members. The study used census hence all the 120 targeted respondents were sampled. The study used questionnaires for data collection. The pilot study was conducted with 10% of the sampled respondents (12 respondents). This study used construct and content validity. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 28. Findings were presented in tables. The content of the questionnaire was approved by the research supervisors. Key findings showed that resource utilization and resource forecasting positively and significantly affect project performance, with resource utilization emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that effective planning, efficient use of available inputs, proactive forecasting, and balanced workload distribution are essential for achieving timely, reliable, and impactful food security outcomes. Based on these findings, the study recommends improving utilization through better prioritization and reduced wastage, enhancing forecasting capacity using structured tools and contingency planning, these measures are expected to enhance efficiency, ensure consistent food availability, and support the successful implementation of urban food security initiatives in Nairobi City County. Key Words: Project Resource Management, Performance of Urban Food Security Projects, Resource Utilization, Resource Forecasting, Nairobi City County, Kenya
Performance of Urban Food Security Projects
MULTI-SECTOR PARTNERSHIPS AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR-FUNDED HEALTH PROJECTS IN MURANG’A COUNTY, KENYA
Persistent reliance on donor funding continues to undermine the long-term sustainability of health interventions in many developing countries. As external support declines, numerous donor-funded projects fail to maintain service delivery, exposing systemic weaknesses in local health systems. This study examined the influence of multi-sector partnerships on the performance of donor-funded health projects in Murang’a County, Kenya. Grounded in Stakeholder Theory, the study assessed how collaboration among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private sector actors, and community structures contributes to project continuity, resource coordination, and institutional resilience. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected from 140 respondents drawn from 28 licensed public health facilities. Using SPSS Version 27, the study employed descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including regression modeling. Findings revealed that multi-sector partnerships significantly and positively influence the performance of donor-funded health projects. Stronger cross-sector collaboration enhanced service delivery, improved resource pooling, minimized duplication of efforts, and strengthened local ownership. The study concludes that effective multi-sector partnerships are critical for sustaining health outcomes beyond donor exit and recommends institutionalizing structured partnership frameworks, improving coordination mechanisms, and integrating joint monitoring and accountability systems. KEYWORDS: Multi-sector partnerships; donor-funded health projects; project performance; Murang’a County.
SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE FLORICULTURE EXPORT SECTOR IN KENYA
The performance of Kenya’s floriculture export sector has been declining in recent years. In 2023, total horticulture export earnings dropped by 6.8%, with flower exports contributing significantly to this decline. The volume of cut flowers exported fell from 210,000 metric tons in 2021 to 185,000 metric tons in 2023. The general objective of the study is to determine the effect of sustainable logistics practices on floriculture export sector in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the influence of sustainable packaging on performance of the floriculture export sector in Kenya, and to establish the effect of route optimization on performance of the floriculture export sector in Kenya. This study was anchored on Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory and Systems Theory. This study used descriptive research design. This study targeted the floriculture export companies in Kenya in Kenya. According to Agriculture and Food Authority report (2024), there are 74 Registered floriculture export companies in Kenya in Kenya. This study targeted heads of logistics and procurement department in these companies hence the total target population was 148 respondents. The researcher used Stratified sampling. Yamane Formula (1967) was used to calculate the sample size. A sample size of 108 respondents participated in the study. Data from questionnaires were coded and analysed using the latest Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. The study employed mixed methods data analysis by applying the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Quantitative data collected was analysed by the use of descriptive statistics which include percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the strength and the direction of the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. The study concludes that sustainable packaging has a positive and significant effect on performance of the floriculture export sector in Kenya. In addition, the study concludes that route optimization has a positive and significant effect on performance of the floriculture export sector in Kenya. From the results, the study recommends that floriculture export sector in Kenya should integrate real-time GPS and data analytics systems to streamline transportation from farms to export hubs and airports. By using intelligent route planning technologies, exporters can reduce delays, minimize fuel consumption, and ensure that flowers reach their destinations faster and in optimal condition. Key Words: Sustainable Logistics Practices, Floriculture Export Sector, Sustainable Packaging, Route Optimization
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS IN KENYA
Internet Service Providers play a crucial role in enabling connectivity among individuals and businesses by utilizing a range of technologies such as landline telephony, mobile networks, and internet services. Telecommunication companies in Kenya face several challenges that hinder their sustainable performance, despite the rapid growth of the sector. The general objective of this study is to assess the influence of electronic waste management practices on environmental performance of Internet Service Providers in Kenya. Specifically, it sought to determine the influence of E-Refurbishment on environmental performance of Internet Service Providers in Kenya and to examine the influence of E-Safe Disposal on environmental performance of Internet Service Providers in Kenya. According to the communication authority report (2023), in Kenya there are Tier 1 (n=4), Tier 2 (n=35) and Tier 3 (n=113), N=152 ISP companies which are also categorized as network infrastructure service providers by CA market segmentation. The unit of analysis was 152 Internet Service Providers while the unit of observation was 304 respondents comprising of operations manager and the chief executive officers working with the Internet Service Providers. The study used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula to arrive at the sample size. The study used simple random sampling to select 173 respondents. This study also used questionnaire to collect data relevant to this study. Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques which are frequencies, mean, standard deviation. Inferential statistics which include Pearson correlation and the Regression Analysis Model was used to test the relationship between study variables. The significance of the model was tested at 5% level of significance. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that electronic waste refurbishment has a positive and significant effect on performance of Internet Service Providers in Kenya. The study also concludes that electronic waste safe disposal has a positive and significant effect on performance of Internet Service Providers in Kenya. Based on the finding, the study recommends that the management of internet service providers in Kenya should adopt a structured electronic waste refurbishment program to restore and reuse outdated but functional equipment. By refurbishing devices, ISPs can reduce capital expenditure on new equipment, expand service coverage in underserved areas cost-effectively, and support sustainability goals. Key Words: Electronic Waste Management Practices, Environmental Performance, Internet Service Providers, E-Refurbishment, E-Safe Disposal
ICT ADOPTION AND LEARNING EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC TVET INSTITUTIONS WITHIN NAIROBI COUNTY
In Kenya, Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) institutions have increasingly embraced the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to enhance the delivery of education and training programs. Learning has become more interractive especially in TVET institutions in Kenya and it has been facilitated by several factors, including the government's commitment to investing in ICT infrastructure, the availability of affordable internet connectivity, and the growing demand for flexible and convenient modes of learning. Additionally, the proliferation of mobile devices and the popularity of social media platforms have made it easier for learners to access learning materials. Thus this study aimed to examine the role of ICT adoption on the effectiveness of learning in TVET institutions in Nairobi County. Specifically, the study aimed to analyze how ICT infrastructure and trainees attitude towards use of ICT influences learning efficiency in Public TVET institutions within nairobi county. The study used descriptive research design. The unit of analysis was 26 public TVET institutions within Nairobi County. The unit of observation was 40,000 trainees an 1540 trainers of the TVET institutions.. The sample size was 382 trainees and 14 trainers and cluster sampling was used to select the respondent from the sample. The study relied on primary data that was collected using the questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted with 40 respondents. The study used content and construct validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha coefficient. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to analyze the collected data (SPSS). The study used descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings were tabulated. Results showed that; a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship between ICT infrastructure and learning efficiency (r=0.323, p-value= 0.000), and a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between trainees attitude towards ICT use and learning efficiency (r=0.826, p-value= 0.000). The recomemndations are; TVETs should formulate and implement clear and comprehensive ICT policies that guide and support digital learning integration, prioritize investments in modern ICT infrastructure including computers, projectors, smart boards, stable internet connectivity, and updated software, continuous professional development programs to enhance trainers’ skills and capabilities in use of ICT tools and integrating them in pedagogy, and showcase the value and benefits of ICT in improving learning experiences and career readiness. Key Words: ICT, ICT Adoption, ICT Infrastructure, Trainees Attitude, Learning Efficiency, Public TVET Institutions, Nairobi County
SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL DISTRIBUTION FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
This study examined the effect of supply chain visibility on the performance of pharmaceutical distribution firms, focusing on real-time tracking and ICT integration. The study was anchored on Systems Theory, and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 109 pharmaceutical distribution firms, including multinational distributors, importers, and local manufacturers. A stratified random sampling technique selected 86 firms, with data collected from three key respondents per firm, finance managers, quality control officers, and procurement personnel- resulting in a total of 258 respondents. A structured questionnaire containing closed-ended Likert scale questions was used as the primary data collection instrument. A pilot study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument, with Cronbach’s Alpha used to assess internal consistency. The findings from the pilot study confirmed that the questionnaire meets the acceptable reliability threshold (α ≥ 0.7). These results validated the questionnaire as a robust tool for assessing supply chain visibility and firm performance in pharmaceutical distribution firms. Final study data was analyzed using SPPS Version 28 descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (multiple regression and correlation analysis) to establish relationships between supply chain visibility dimensions and firm performance. The findings revealed that all four dimensions had a positive and significant effect on firm performance, with real-time tracking emerging as the most influential predictor, followed by ICT integration. Based on these results, the study concluded that supply chain visibility as a critical driver of operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and financial success. Consequently, the study recommended that firms should enhance their investment in real-time tracking technologies, fully integrate advanced ICT systems such as ERP and blockchain. Strengthening these areas would enable pharmaceutical distribution firms to achieve greater agility, resilience, and competitiveness in a rapidly evolving market environment. Key Words: Supply Chain Visibility, Real-Time Tracking, ICT Integration, Performance, Pharmaceutical Distribution Firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya
STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of strategic procurement practices—specifically procurement need analysis and procurement contract award—on the performance of state corporations in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population comprised 2,142 employees from state corporations in Nairobi City County, from which a sample of 337 respondents was selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires based on a five-point Likert scale. A pilot test established acceptable reliability (α > 0.70) and content validity (CVI > 0.50). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28 and results presented using tables and figures. The findings indicated that a unit increase in procurement need analysis was associated with a 0.4213 improvement in performance of state corporations, holding other factors constant. Additionally, a unit increase in procurement contract award practices contributed a 0.354 increase in performance. The study concludes that both procurement need analysis and procurement contract award significantly enhance the performance of state corporations in Nairobi City County. It recommends that state corporations strengthen their procurement need identification processes and adopt transparent, timely, and objective contract award procedures to realize improved performance outcomes. Key Words: Strategic Procurement Practices, Procurement Need Analysis, Procurement Contract Award, Performance of State Corporations, Nairobi City County, Kenya
INTRAPRENEURSHIP INNOVATION STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF REAL ESTATE FIRMS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
The real estate sector in Kiambu County, Kenya is experiencing rapid growth due to urbanization, infrastructural development, and increased investment. However, real estate firms continue to face performance challenges, including fluctuating property demand, high operational costs, regulatory constraints, and limited access to financing. These challenges necessitate the adoption of intrapreneurial innovation strategies to enhance firm performance. This study examined the effect of intrapreneurial innovation strategies on the performance of real estate firms in Kiambu County, Kenya, focusing on market segmentation and innovation accounting. The study was anchored on Market Segmentation Theory and Signaling Theory, which provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of these strategies on business performance. The study employed a descriptive research design to systematically analyze the relationship between intrapreneurial innovation strategies and firm performance. The target population consisted of 1,524 registered real estate firms in Kiambu County, with a sample size of 317 firms, determined using Yamane’s (1967) formula. A stratified random sampling technique was used. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, which was tested for validity and reliability before data collection. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 28. Content of the questionnaire was approved by the supervisors and marketing managers in the real estate sector. Findings show that; there is a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between market segmentation and performance of real estate firms in Kiambu County, Kenya, and a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between innovation accounting and performance of real estate firms in Kiambu County, Kenya. The recommendations are; real estate firms should invest in advanced data analytics tools to segment customers based on the changing demographics, psychographics, geographical, and customers’ behaviours and the firms should adopt innovation accounting structures that evaluate the financial feasibility and effect of new products, services, and technologies. Key Words: Intrapreneurial Innovation Strategies, Performance of Real Estate Firms, Market Segmentation, Innovation Accounting, Kiambu County, Kenya
ANTECEDENTS OF DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS ADOPTION BY COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
This study examined the antecedents of derivative instruments by commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of contract complexity on the adoption of derivatives among commercial in Kenya, and to determine the effect of public awareness framework on the adoption of derivatives among commercial banks in Kenya. The study was anchored on liquidity preference theory, and information signalling theory. The study design was descriptive survey where the study focused on commercial banks in Kenya. The target population were all the 36 commercial banks licensed by Central bank of Kenya. Since the study target population was smaller, a census survey covering all commercial banks that operated as at 2019 was conducted. The study relied on questionnaires extensively used during data collection. The data was analysed through multivariate analysis with the assistance of the statistical Package for Social Sciences package (SPSS). The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results established that the independent variables explain eighty-three-point two percent of the variation in the adoption of derivative instruments. Further, ANOVA showed that the independent variables combined have a significant effect on adoption of derivative instruments among commercial banks in Kenya as depicted by probably value less than 0.05 level of significance. The study also revealed that the effect of complexity of derivatives contract on adoption of derivative instruments was negative and statistically significant. The effect of public awareness framework on derivatives instruments adoption among commercial banks was positive and statistically significant. The study therefore concluded that complexity of derivative contract, public awareness framework and liquidity had a significant effect on adoption of derivative instruments among commercial banks in Kenya. Key Words: Antecedents of Derivative Instruments, Contract Complexity, Adoption of Derivatives, Commercial in Kenya, Public Awareness Framework
AGILE VIRTUAL ICT SYSTEMS AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Commercial banks play a critical role in the economic development of Kenya by providing essential financial services that foster economic growth and stability. The performance of commercial banks in Kenya is influenced by various challenges owing to the rapidly evolving financial landscape, they face growing pressure to enhance operational efficiency, deliver superior customer experiences to remain agile in responding to the market dynamics. The general objective of the study is to assess the effect of agile virtual ICT systems on process optimization of commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effect of adoption of ICT tools in process optimization in commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya, and to assess the effect of DevSecOps systems in process optimization in commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study was guided by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Socio-Technical Systems Theory. This study used descriptive research design. The target population was the 40 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The unit of observation was top, middle and lower-level management employees. The study used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula to arrive at the sample size. The study sample size was therefore 152 employees. Stratified random sampling was applied to get the respondents. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. A pilot test was conducted to determine validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. Data obtained from the field was coded, cleaned, and entered into the computer for analysis using the SPSS version 25. Data analysis was done through use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistical analysis used was multiple regression and correlation analysis. The study results were presented through us of tables and figures. The study concludes that ICT tools have a positive and significant effect on process optimization in commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Further, the study concludes that DevSecOps systems have a positive and significant effect on process optimization in commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study recommends that the management of commercial banks in Kenya should invest in the integration of advanced ICT tools such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to enhance process optimization. Key Words: Agile Virtual ICT Systems, Process Optimization, Commercial Banks, Nairobi City County, ICT Tools, DevSecOps Systems
PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN GENDER EQUALITY ADVANCEMENT IN GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA
Despite decades of development efforts, gender inequality remains a persistent challenge in Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), including Garissa County. Women and marginalized groups continue to face limited participation in public decision-making and inadequate inclusion in project planning, monitoring, and evaluation processes. This exclusion undermines not only gender equity goals but also the effectiveness and sustainability of development interventions. Although participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) has gained traction as a people-centered and inclusive approach, its actual application in promoting gender equality at the local governance level remains underexplored, particularly in culturally conservative and resource-constrained regions like Garissa. This study sought to investigate the role of participatory monitoring and evaluation in advancing gender equality in Garissa County. Specifically, it examined how socio-economic factors, stakeholder collaboration influence the participation of women in M&E processes. The study was grounded in participatory development theory and gender-transformative evaluation frameworks. The research adopted a descriptive and exploratory design, utilizing a census approach to collect data from all 137 targeted respondents, including Ugatuzi na Kazi project beneficiaries, elected county assembly members, ward administrators, field supervisors, and a sub-county administrator. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that combined closed-ended Likert-scale items and open-ended questions to capture both quantitative patterns and qualitative insights. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis and correlation testing, with results presented in tables and charts. Diagnostic tests were also conducted to ensure model reliability. The qualitative responses were thematically analyzed to contextualize statistical findings. Descriptive results showed strong agreement that socio-economic and institutional factors shape women’s involvement, with aggregate means above 3.8 across all variables. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between all independent variables and gender equality (r-values ranging from 0.642 to 0.792, p < 0.05). Regression results confirmed that the four predictors jointly explained 70.8% of the variance in gender equality advancement (R = 0.861, R² = 0.709, Adjusted R² = 0.708, n = 106). The study concluded that participatory M&E is strongly influenced by socio-economic conditions, collaboration among stakeholders. It recommends targeted financial support to women, stronger multi-stakeholder frameworks, to enhance women’s effective participation in M&E processes. Key Words: Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, Gender Equality, Garissa County, Socio-Economic Factors, Stakeholder Collaboration